Author name code: wang-yi-ming
ADS astronomy entries on 2022-09-14
=author:"Wang, Y.-M."
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Title: Undetected Minority-polarity Flux as the Missing Link in
Coronal Heating
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2022arXiv220611327W
Altcode:
During the last few decades, the most widely favored models for
coronal heating have involved the in situ dissipation of energy,
with footpoint shuffling giving rise to multiple current sheets (the
"nanoflare" model) or to Alfv{é}n waves that leak into the corona and
undergo dissipative interactions (the wave heating scenario). As has
been recognized earlier, observations suggest instead that the energy
deposition is concentrated at very low heights, with the coronal loops
being filled with hot, dense material from below, which accounts for
their overdensities and flat temperature profiles. While an obvious
mechanism for footpoint heating would be reconnection with small-scale
fields, this possibility seems to have been widely ignored because
magnetograms show almost no minority-polarity flux inside active region
(AR) plages. Here, we present further examples to support our earlier
conclusions (1) that magnetograms greatly underrepresent the amount of
minority-polarity flux inside plages and "unipolar" network, and (2)
that small loops are a major constituent of \ion{Fe}{9} 17.1 nm moss. On
the assumption that the emergence or churning rate of small-scale flux
is the same inside plages as in mixed-polarity regions of the quiet Sun,
we estimate the energy flux density associated with reconnection with
the plage fields to be on the order of 10$^7$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$,
sufficient to heat the AR corona.
Title: Parameterization of Cap-Edge Dust Lifting over the Southern
Polar Region
Authors: Chow, K. C.; Xiao, J.; Wang, Y. M.
Bibcode: 2022mamo.conf.1557C
Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
Title: From Coronal Holes to Pulsars and Back Again: Learning the
Importance of Data
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2022FrASS...9.8837W
Altcode:
Although wanting to become an astronomer from an early age, I ended up
in solar physics purely by chance, after first working in high-energy
astrophysics. I've never regretted switching from the pulsar to the
solar magnetosphere, because solar physics has a great advantage over
other areas of astrophysics—in the enormous amount of high-quality
data available, much of it underutilized. I've often wondered why
theoreticians and modelers don't spent more time looking at these data
(perhaps they feel that it is cheating, like taking a peek at the
answers to a difficult homework assignment?). Conversely, I wonder why
observers and data analysts aren't more skeptical of the theoretical
models—especially the fashionable ones.
Title: Magnetograph Saturation and the Open Flux Problem
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Ulrich, R. K.; Harvey, J. W.
Bibcode: 2022ApJ...926..113W
Altcode: 2021arXiv211209969W
Extrapolations of line-of-sight photospheric field measurements
predict radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strengths that
are factors of ~2-4 too low. To address this open flux problem, we
reanalyze the magnetograph measurements from different observatories,
with particular focus on those made in the saturation-prone Fe I 525.0
nm line by the Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO) and the Wilcox Solar
Observatory (WSO). The total dipole strengths, which determine the
total open flux, generally show large variations among observatories,
even when their total photospheric fluxes are in agreement. However,
the MWO and WSO dipole strengths, as well as their total fluxes,
agree remarkably well with each other, suggesting that the two data
sets require the same scaling factor. As shown earlier by Ulrich et
al., the saturation correction δ -1 derived by comparing
MWO measurements in the 525.0 nm line with those in the nonsaturating
Fe I 523.3 nm line depends sensitively on where along the irregularly
shaped 523.3 nm line wings the exit slits are placed. If the slits are
positioned so that the 523.3 and 525.0 nm signals originate from the
same height, δ -1 ~ 4.5 at the disk center, falling to ~2
near the limb. When this correction is applied to either the MWO or
WSO maps, the derived open fluxes are consistent with the observed
IMF magnitude. Other investigators obtained scaling factors only
one-half as large because they sampled the 523.3 nm line farther out
in the wings, where the shift between the right- and left-circularly
polarized components is substantially smaller.
Title: First light observations of the solar wind in the outer corona
with the Metis coronagraph
Authors: Romoli, M.; Antonucci, E.; Andretta, V.; Capuano, G. E.; Da
Deppo, V.; De Leo, Y.; Downs, C.; Fineschi, S.; Heinzel, P.; Landini,
F.; Liberatore, A.; Naletto, G.; Nicolini, G.; Pancrazzi, M.; Sasso,
C.; Spadaro, D.; Susino, R.; Telloni, D.; Teriaca, L.; Uslenghi,
M.; Wang, Y. -M.; Bemporad, A.; Capobianco, G.; Casti, M.; Fabi, M.;
Frassati, F.; Frassetto, F.; Giordano, S.; Grimani, C.; Jerse, G.;
Magli, E.; Massone, G.; Messerotti, M.; Moses, D.; Pelizzo, M. -G.;
Romano, P.; Schühle, U.; Slemer, A.; Stangalini, M.; Straus, T.;
Volpicelli, C. A.; Zangrilli, L.; Zuppella, P.; Abbo, L.; Auchère,
F.; Aznar Cuadrado, R.; Berlicki, A.; Bruno, R.; Ciaravella, A.;
D'Amicis, R.; Lamy, P.; Lanzafame, A.; Malvezzi, A. M.; Nicolosi,
P.; Nisticò, G.; Peter, H.; Plainaki, C.; Poletto, L.; Reale, F.;
Solanki, S. K.; Strachan, L.; Tondello, G.; Tsinganos, K.; Velli,
M.; Ventura, R.; Vial, J. -C.; Woch, J.; Zimbardo, G.
Bibcode: 2021A&A...656A..32R
Altcode: 2021arXiv210613344R
In this work, we present an investigation of the wind in the solar
corona that has been initiated by observations of the resonantly
scattered ultraviolet emission of the coronal plasma obtained with
UVCS-SOHO, designed to measure the wind outflow speed by applying
Doppler dimming diagnostics. Metis on Solar Orbiter complements the
UVCS spectroscopic observations that were performed during solar
activity cycle 23 by simultaneously imaging the polarized visible
light and the H I Lyman-α corona in order to obtain high spatial and
temporal resolution maps of the outward velocity of the continuously
expanding solar atmosphere. The Metis observations, taken on May 15,
2020, provide the first H I Lyman-α images of the extended corona
and the first instantaneous map of the speed of the coronal plasma
outflows during the minimum of solar activity and allow us to identify
the layer where the slow wind flow is observed. The polarized visible
light (580-640 nm) and the ultraviolet H I Lyα (121.6 nm) coronal
emissions, obtained with the two Metis channels, were combined in
order to measure the dimming of the UV emission relative to a static
corona. This effect is caused by the outward motion of the coronal
plasma along the direction of incidence of the chromospheric photons
on the coronal neutral hydrogen. The plasma outflow velocity was then
derived as a function of the measured Doppler dimming. The static
corona UV emission was simulated on the basis of the plasma electron
density inferred from the polarized visible light. This study leads
to the identification, in the velocity maps of the solar corona, of
the high-density layer about ±10° wide, centered on the extension
of a quiet equatorial streamer present at the east limb - the coronal
origin of the heliospheric current sheet - where the slowest wind
flows at about 160 ± 18 km s−1 from 4 R⊙
to 6 R⊙. Beyond the boundaries of the high-density layer,
the wind velocity rapidly increases, marking the transition between
slow and fast wind in the corona.
Title: First demonstration of full ELM suppression in low input
torque plasmas to support ITER research plan using n = 4 RMP in EAST
Authors: Sun, Y.; Ma, Q.; Jia, M.; Gu, S.; Loarte, A.; Liang, Y.; Liu,
Y. Q.; Paz-Soldan, C. A.; Wu, X. M.; Xie, P. C.; Ye, C.; Wang, H. H.;
Zhao, J. Q.; Guo, W.; He, K.; Li, Y. Y.; Li, G.; Liu, H.; Qian, J.;
Sheng, H.; Shi, T.; Wang, Y. M.; Weisberg, D.; Wan, B.; Zang, Q.;
Zeng, L.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, T.; Zhou, C.; EAST Contributors
Bibcode: 2021NucFu..61j6037S
Altcode:
Full suppression of type-I edge localized modes (ELMs) using n = 4
resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) as planned for ITER has been
demonstrated for the first time (n is the toroidal mode number of the
applied RMP). This is achieved in EAST plasmas with low input torque
and tungsten divertor, and the target plasma for these experiments in
EAST is chosen to be relevant to the ITER Q = 10 operational scenario,
thus also addressing significant scenario issues for ITER. In these
experiments the lowest neutral beam injection (NBI) input torque is
around TNBI ~ 0.44 Nm, which extrapolates to around 14 Nm
in ITER (compared to a total torque input of 35 Nm when 33 MW of NBI
are used for heating). The q95 is around 3.6 and normalized
plasma beta βN ~ 1.5-1.8, similar to that in the ITER Q =
10 scenario. Suppression windows in both q95 and plasma
density are observed; in addition, lower plasma rotation is found to
be favourabe to access ELM suppression. ELM suppression is maintained
with line averaged density up to 60%nGW (Greenwald density
limit) by feedforward gas fuelling after suppression is achieved. It
is interesting to note that in addition to an upper density, a low
density threshold for ELM suppression of 40%nGW is also
observed. In these conditions energy confinement does not significantly
drop (<10%) during ELM suppression when compared to the ELMy H-mode
conditions, which is much better than previous results using low n
(n = 1 and 2) RMPs in higher q95 regimes. In addition,
the core plasma tungsten concentration is clearly reduced during
ELM suppression demonstrating an effective impurity exhaust. MHD
response modelling using the MARS-F code shows that edge magnetic field
stochasticity has a peak at q95 ~ 3.65 for the odd parity
configuration, which is consistent to the observed suppression window
around 3.6-3.75. These results expand the physical understanding of
ELM suppression and demonstrate the effectiveness of n = 4 RMPs for
reliable control ELMs in future ITER high Q plasma scenarios with
minimum detrimental effects on plasma confinement.
Title: A New Reconstruction of the Sun's Magnetic Field and Total
Irradiance since 1700
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Lean, J. L.
Bibcode: 2021ApJ...920..100W
Altcode:
We model the Sun's large-scale magnetic field and total solar irradiance
(TSI) since 1700 by combining flux transport simulations with empirical
relationships between facular brightening, sunspot darkening, and the
total photospheric flux. The photospheric field is evolved subject to
the constraints that (1) the flux emergence rate scales as the yearly
sunspot numbers, and (2) the polar field strength at solar minimum
is proportional to the amplitude of the following cycle. Simulations
are performed using both the recently revised sunspot numbers and an
average of these numbers and the Hoyt-Schatten group numbers. A decrease
(increase) in the polar field strength from one cycle to the next is
simulated either by increasing (decreasing) the poleward flow speed, or
by decreasing (increasing) the average axial tilts of active regions;
the resulting photospheric field evolution is very similar whichever
parameter is varied. Comparisons between irradiance data and both
the simulated and observed photospheric field suggest that TSI and
facular brightness increase less steeply with the field strength at
solar minimum than at other phases of the cycle, presumably because of
the dominance of small-scale ephemeral regions when activity is very
low. This relative insensitivity of the irradiance to changes in the
large-scale field during cycle minima results in a minimum-to-minimum
increase of annual TSI from 1700 to 1964 (2008) of 0.2 (0.06) W
m-2, a factor of 2-3 smaller than predicted in earlier
reconstructions where the relation between facular brightness and
field strength was assumed to be independent of cycle phase.
Title: Using Observations of Solar Vector Magnetic Field from Dual
View Points to Remove the 180° Ambiguity
Authors: Zhou, R. Y.; Wang, Y. M.; Su, Y. N.; Bi, S. L.; Liu, R.;
Ji, H. S.
Bibcode: 2021AcASn..62...41Z
Altcode:
With solar orbiter being put into successful operational observation,
solar magnetic observation has entered the era of remote sensing
from dual view points. In this paper, we carried out a simulation
of correcting the 180° ambiguity of transverse magnetic field
with magnetograms from dual view points using analytical formula as
well as observations made by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager
(HMI). Magnetograms of a small mature sunspot at different times were
used to simulate magnetograms from dual view points. We find that,
in order to correct the 180° ambiguity of the vector magnetograms,
it is sufficient to have a line-of-sight magnetogram from another
view point to help to judge the direction of the transverse magnetic
field. For the measuring accuracy of HMI, we estimate that a ∼30°
angle formed from two observational points is the smallest angle to
correct the 180° ambiguity around the place with the magnetic field
strength of < 50 Gs. Correction for weaker magnetic fields surely
needs larger separation angle, but considering projection effect,
we propose that separation angles of ∼30° are the optimal angles
for future space missions with the scientific aim of correcting the
180° ambiguity of vector magnetograms.
Title: Small-scale Flux Emergence, Coronal Hole Heating, and Flux-tube
Expansion: A Hybrid Solar Wind Model
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2020ApJ...904..199W
Altcode: 2021arXiv210404016W
Extreme-ultraviolet images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory often
show loop-like fine structure to be present where no minority-polarity
flux is visible in magnetograms, suggesting that the rate of
ephemeral region (ER) emergence inside "unipolar" regions has been
underestimated. Assuming that this rate is the same inside coronal
holes as in the quiet Sun, we show that interchange reconnection
between ERs and open field lines gives rise to a solar wind energy
flux that exceeds 105 erg cm-2 s-1
and that scales as the field strength at the coronal base, consistent
with observations. In addition to providing ohmic heating in the low
corona, these reconnection events may be a source of Alfvén waves
with periods ranging from the granular timescale of ∼10 minutes
to the supergranular/plume timescale of many hours, with some of
the longer-period waves being reflected and dissipated in the outer
corona. The asymptotic wind speed depends on the radial distribution
of the heating, which is largely controlled by the rate of flux-tube
expansion. Along the rapidly diverging flux tubes associated with slow
wind, heating is concentrated well inside the sonic point (1) because
the outward conductive heat-flux density and thus the outer coronal
temperatures are reduced, and (2) because the net wave energy flux is
dissipated at a rate proportional to the local Alfvén speed. In this
"hybrid" solar wind model, reconnection heats the lower corona and
drives the mass flux, whereas waves impart energy and momentum to the
outflow at greater distances.
Title: Modeling inner boundary values at 18 solar radii during
solar quiet time for global three-dimensional time-dependent
magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation
Authors: Wu, Chin-Chun; Liou, Kan; Wood, Brian E.; Plunkett,
Simon; Socker, Dennis; Wang, Y. M.; Wu, S. T.; Dryer, Murray; Kung,
Christopher
Bibcode: 2020JASTP.20105211W
Altcode:
We develop an empirical model of the solar wind parameters at the inner
boundary (18 solar radii, Rs) of the heliosphere that can
be used in our global, three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic
(MHD) model (G3DMHD) or other equivalent ones. The model takes
solar magnetic field maps at 2.5 R, which is based on the
Potential Field Source Surface, PFSS model and interpolates the solar
wind plasma and field out to 18 Rs using the algorithm of
Wang and Sheeley (1990). A formula (V18Rs = V1 +
V2fsα) is used to calculate the solar
wind speed at 18 Rs, where V1 is in a range of
150-350 km s-1, V2 is in the range of 250-500
km s-1, and "fs" is the magnetic flux expansion
factor derived from the Wang and Sheeley (WS) algorithm at 2.5 R. To
estimate the solar wind density and temperature at 18 Rs, we
assume an incompressible solar wind and a constant total pressure. The
three free parameters are obtained by adjusting simulation results
to match in-situ observations (Wind) for more than 54 combinations of
V1, V2 and α during a quiet solar wind interval,
i.e., the Carrington Rotation (CR) 2082. We found that VBF =
(200 ± 50) + (400 ± 100) fs-0.4 km/s is a good
formula for the quiet solar wind period. The formula was also good
to use for the other quiet solar periods. Comparing results between
WSA (Arge et al. 2000, 2004) and our model (WSW-3DMHD), we find the
following: i) The results of using VBF with the full rotation
(FR) data as input to drive the 3DMHD model is better than the results
of WSA using FR, or daily updated.. ii) The WSA model using the modified
daily updated 4-day-advanced solar wind speed predictions is slightly
better than that for WSW-3DMHD. iii) The results of using VBF
as input to drive the 3DMHD model is much better than the using the WSA
formula with an extra parameter for the angular width (θb)
from the nearest coronal hole. The present study puts in doubt in the
usefulness of θb for these purposes.
Title: Searching for a Boundary Layer as a Source of the Slow
Solar Wind
Authors: Ko, Y. K.; Muglach, K.; Riley, P.; Wang, Y. M.
Bibcode: 2019AGUFMSH41F3330K
Altcode:
Recent investigations in the solar wind plasma and magnetic field
characteristics indicate a likely existence of a "boundary layer"
where the slow solar wind originates from. Such a boundary layer
resides at the coronal hole boundary where the open field lines
emanating from it expand super-radially into the corona. We select two
adjacent coronal holes that are the sources of two consecutive solar
wind streams measured by ACE. One is a low-latitude extension of the
north polar coronal hole that past the central meridian on August 18,
2015, and the other is an equatorial coronal hole that past the central
meridian on August 20. We use data from SDO/AIA, SDO/HMI and Hinode/EIS
in combination with PFSS and 3D MHD models to investigate the evolution
of the coronal and magnetic field properties at the boundary of these
coronal holes and search for signatures of such a boundary layer.
Title: Further Evidence for Looplike Fine Structure inside
“Unipolar” Active Region Plages
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Ugarte-Urra, I.; Reep, J. W.
Bibcode: 2019ApJ...885...34W
Altcode: 2021arXiv210406633W
Earlier studies using extreme-ultraviolet images and line-of-sight
magnetograms from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) have suggested
that active region (AR) plages and strong network concentrations
often have small, looplike features embedded within them, even
though no minority-polarity flux is visible in the corresponding
magnetograms. Because of the unexpected nature of these findings, we
have searched the SDO database for examples of inverted-Y structures
rooted inside “unipolar” plages, with such jetlike structures
being interpreted as evidence for magnetic reconnection between small
bipoles and the dominant-polarity field. Several illustrative cases are
presented from the period of 2013-2015, all of which are associated with
transient outflows from AR “moss.” The triangular or dome-shaped
bases have horizontal dimensions of ∼2-4 Mm, corresponding to ∼1-3
granular diameters. We also note that the spongy-textured Fe IX 17.1 nm
moss is not confined to plages, but may extend into regions where the
photospheric field is relatively weak or even has mixed polarity. We
again find a tendency for bright coronal loops seen in the 17.1,
19.3, and 21.1 nm passbands to show looplike fine structure and
compact brightenings at their footpoints. These observations provide
further confirmation that present-day magnetograms are significantly
underrepresenting the amount of minority-polarity flux inside AR plages
and again suggest that footpoint reconnection and small-scale flux
cancellation may play a major role in coronal heating, both inside
and outside ARs.
Title: Observations of Slow Solar Wind from Equatorial Coronal Holes
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Ko, Y. -K.
Bibcode: 2019ApJ...880..146W
Altcode: 2021arXiv210406626W
Because of its distinctive compositional properties and variability,
low-speed (≲450 km s-1) solar wind is widely believed
to originate from coronal streamers, unlike high-speed wind, which
comes from coronal holes. An alternative scenario is that the bulk
of the slow wind (excluding that in the immediate vicinity of the
heliospheric current sheet) originates from rapidly diverging flux
tubes rooted inside small coronal holes or just within the boundaries
of large holes. This viewpoint is based largely on photospheric field
extrapolations, which are subject to considerable uncertainties and
do not include dynamical effects, making it difficult to be certain
whether a source is located just inside or outside a hole boundary, or
whether a high-latitude hole will be connected to Earth. To minimize
the dependence on field-line extrapolations, we have searched for
cases where equatorial coronal holes at central meridian are followed
by low-speed streams at Earth. We describe 14 examples from the period
2014-2017, involving Fe XIV 21.1 nm coronal holes located near active
regions and having equatorial widths of ∼3°-10°. The associated in
situ wind was characterized by speeds v ∼ 300-450 km s-1
and by O7+/O6+ ratios of ∼0.05-0.15, with v
showing the usual correlation with proton temperature. In addition,
consistent with other recent studies, this slow wind had remarkably
high Alfvénicity, similar to that in high-speed streams. We conclude
that small coronal holes are a major contributor to the slow solar wind
during the maximum and early post-maximum phases of the solar cycle.
Title: Observations of Solar Wind from Earth-directed Coronal
Pseudostreamers
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Panasenco, O.
Bibcode: 2019ApJ...872..139W
Altcode:
Low-speed (≲450 km s-1) solar wind is widely considered
to originate from streamer loops that intermittently release their
contents into the heliosphere, in contrast to high-speed wind, which
has its source in large coronal holes. To account for the presence of
slow wind far from the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), it has been
suggested that “pseudostreamers” rooted between coronal holes
of the same polarity continually undergo interchange reconnection
with the adjacent open flux, producing a wide band of slow wind
centered on the separatrix/plasma sheet that extends outward from
the pseudostreamer cusp. Employing extreme-ultraviolet images and
potential-field source-surface extrapolations, we have identified 10
Earth-directed pseudostreamers during 2013-2016. In situ measurements
show wind speeds ranging from ∼320 to ∼600 km s-1 in the
days immediately preceding and following the predicted pseudostreamer
crossings, with the proton densities and O7+/O6+
ratios tending to be inversely correlated with the bulk speed. We also
identify examples of coronal holes that straddle the solar equator and
give rise to wind speeds of order 400 km s-1. Our results
support the idea that the bulk of the slow wind observed more than a
few degrees from the HCS originates from just inside coronal holes.
Title: Helicity Removal and Coronal Fe XII Stalks: Evidence That
the Axial Field Is Not Ejected but Resubmerged
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Berger, M. A.
Bibcode: 2018ApJ...868...66W
Altcode:
The magnetic/current helicity of the coronal field is closely associated
with the presence of a nonpotential axial component directed along the
photospheric polarity inversion line (PIL), which is also the source
of the axial/toroidal field in flux ropes and coronal mass ejections
(CMEs). To better understand the role of this axial component in
the evolution of coronal helicity, we use Fe XII 19.3 nm images and
longitudinal magnetograms from the Solar Dynamics Observatory to
track active regions (ARs) and their filament channels as they decay
due to flux transport processes. We find that the Fe XII loop legs
or “stalks,” initially oriented almost perpendicular to the PIL,
become closely aligned with it after ∼1-4 rotations; this alignment
is attributed to the progressive cancellation of the transverse field
component at the PIL. As the AR flux continues to decay, the PIL becomes
ever more distorted and the directions of the stalks are increasingly
randomized. These observations suggest that most of the original axial
field in ARs is not expelled in CMEs, but instead pinches off after
the eruptions and becomes concentrated at the PIL. Because the twist
of the field decreases, however, the helicity itself decreases, with
CMEs removing a significant fraction of it in the form of disconnected
flux ropes. Like most of the AR flux, the bulk of the axial field
is eventually canceled/resubmerged, brought to the equator by the
subsurface meridional flow, and annihilated (along with the remaining
helicity) by merging with its opposite-handed counterpart from the
other hemisphere.
Title: Gradual Streamer Expansions and the Relationship between
Blobs and Inflows
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Hess, P.
Bibcode: 2018ApJ...859..135W
Altcode:
Coronal helmet streamers show a continual tendency to expand outward and
pinch off, giving rise to flux ropes that are observed in white light
as “blobs” propagating outward along the heliospheric current/plasma
sheet. The blobs form within the r ∼ 2-6 R ⊙ heliocentric
range of the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) C2
instrument, but the expected inward-moving counterparts are often
not detected. Here we show that the height of blob formation varies
as a function of the underlying photospheric field, with the helmet
streamer loops expanding to greater heights when active regions
(ARs) emerge underneath them. When the pinch-offs occur at r ∼ 3-4
R ⊙, diverging inward/outward tracks sometimes appear
in height-time maps constructed from LASCO C2 running-difference
images. When the underlying photospheric field is weak, the blobs
form closer to the inner edge of the C2 field of view and only the
outward tracks are clearly visible. Conversely, when the emergence
of large ARs leads to a strengthening of the outer coronal field
and an increase in the total white-light radiance (as during late
2014), the expanding helmet-streamer loops pinch off beyond r ∼
4 R ⊙, triggering strong inflow streams whose outgoing
counterparts are usually very faint. We deduce that the visibility
of the blobs and inflows depends on the amount of material that the
diverging components sweep up within the 2-6 R ⊙ field of
view. We also note that the rate of blob production tends to increase
when a helmet streamer is “activated” by underlying flux emergence.
Title: “Twisting” Motions in Erupting Coronal Pseudostreamers
as Evidence for Interchange Reconnection
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Hess, P.
Bibcode: 2018ApJ...853..103W
Altcode:
Using white-light observations from the COR1 coronagraph during
2008-2013, we have identified ∼50 eruptive events in which a
narrow streamer structure appears to rotate about its radial axis
as it rises into the field of view beyond r∼ 1.4 {R}⊙
. Extreme-ultraviolet images and potential-field extrapolations
suggest that most of these eruptions involve one arcade of a
double-lobed pseudostreamer, which is surrounded by open flux of
a single polarity. The “twisting” is manifested by the cavity
of the erupting lobe, which evolves from a circular to a narrowing
oval structure as it is ejected nonradially in the direction of the
original X-point. At the same time, the loop legs on the trailing side
of the rising cavity/flux rope expand and straighten out, starting at
the outer edge of the lobe and progressing inward; this asymmetric
opening-up contributes to the impression of a three-dimensional
structure twisting away from the observer. On the leading side of
the lobe, collapsing cusps are sometimes detected, suggesting the
presence of a current sheet where the cavity loops reconnect with the
oppositely directed open flux from the adjacent coronal hole. In some
events, the inner loops of the cavity/flux rope may continue to expand
outward without undergoing interchange reconnection. The transfer of
material to open field lines, as well as the lateral confinement of
the pseudostreamer by the surrounding coronal holes, acts to produce
a relatively narrow, fan-like ejection that differs fundamentally from
the large, bubble-shaped ejections associated with helmet streamers.
Title: Surface Flux Transport and the Evolution of the Sun's Polar
Fields
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2018smf..book..351W
Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
Title: Inflows in the Inner White-light Corona: The Closing-down of
Flux after Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Hess, P.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2017ApJ...850....6H
Altcode:
During times of high solar activity, the Solar and Heliospheric
Observatory/Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph C2 coronagraph
has recorded multitudes of small features moving inward through
its 2{--}6 {R}⊙ field of view. These outer-coronal
inflows, which are concentrated around the heliospheric current sheet,
tend to be poorly correlated with individual coronal mass ejection
(CME) events. Using running-difference movies constructed from Solar
Terrestrial Relations Observatory/COR1 coronagraph images taken during
2008-2014, we have identified large numbers of inward-moving features
at heliocentric distances below 2 {R}⊙ , with the rate
increasing with sunspot and CME activity. Most of these inner-coronal
inflows are closely associated with CMEs, being observed during and in
the days immediately following the eruptions. Here, we describe several
examples of the pinching-off of tapered streamer structures in the wake
of CMEs. This type of inflow event is characterized by a separation
of the flow into incoming and outgoing components connected by a thin
spike, which is interpreted as a continually elongating current sheet
viewed edge-on; by the prior convergence of narrow rays toward the
current sheet; and by a succession of collapsing loops that form a
cusp-shaped structure at the base of the current sheet. The re-forming
streamer overlies a growing post-eruption arcade that is visible in EUV
images. These observations provide support for standard reconnection
models for the formation/evolution of flux ropes during solar eruptive
events. We suggest that inflow streams that occur over a relatively
wide range of position angles result from the pinching-off of loop
arcades whose axes are oriented parallel rather than perpendicular to
the sky plane.
Title: Surface Flux Transport and the Evolution of the Sun's Polar
Fields
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2017SSRv..210..351W
Altcode: 2016SSRv..tmp...21W
The evolution of the polar fields occupies a central place in flux
transport (Babcock-Leighton) models of the solar cycle. We discuss
the relationship between surface flux transport and polar field
evolution, focusing on two main issues: the latitudinal profile of
the meridional flow and the axial tilts of active regions. Recent
helioseismic observations indicate that the poleward flow speed peaks
at much lower latitudes than inferred from magnetic feature tracking,
which includes the effect of supergranular diffusion and thus does not
represent the actual bulk flow. Employing idealized simulations, we
demonstrate that flow profiles that peak at mid latitudes give rise to
overly strong and concentrated polar fields. We discuss the differences
between magnetic and white-light measurements of tilt angles, noting
the large uncertainties inherent in the sunspot group measurements
and their tendency to underestimate the actual tilts. We find no
clear evidence for systematic cycle-to-cycle variations in Joy's law
during cycles 21-23. Finally, based on the observed evolution of the
Sun's axial dipole component and polar fields up to the end of 2015,
we predict that cycle 25 will be similar in amplitude to cycle 24.
Title: Small Coronal Holes Near Active Regions as Sources of Slow
Solar Wind
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2017ApJ...841...94W
Altcode:
We discuss the nature of the small areas of rapidly diverging,
open magnetic flux that form in the strong unipolar fields at the
peripheries of active regions (ARs), according to coronal extrapolations
of photospheric field measurements. Because such regions usually have
dark counterparts in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) images, we refer to them
as coronal holes, even when they appear as narrow lanes or contain
sunspots. Revisiting previously identified “AR sources” of slow
solar wind from 1998 and 1999, we find that they are all associated
with EUV coronal holes; the absence of well-defined He I 1083.0 nm
counterparts to some of these holes is attributed to the large flux
of photoionizing radiation from neighboring AR loops. Examining a
number of AR-associated EUV holes during the 2014 activity maximum,
we confirm that they are characterized by wind speeds of ∼300-450 km
s-1, O7+/O6+ ratios of ∼0.05-0.4,
and footpoint field strengths typically of order 30 G. The close spacing
between ARs at sunspot maximum limits the widths of unipolar regions
and their embedded holes, while the continual emergence of new flux
leads to rapid changes in the hole boundaries. Because of the highly
nonradial nature of AR fields, the smaller EUV holes are often masked
by the overlying canopy of loops, and may be more visible toward one
solar limb than at central meridian. As sunspot activity declines,
the AR remnants merge to form much larger, weaker, and longer-lived
unipolar regions, which harbor the “classical” coronal holes that
produce recurrent high-speed streams.
Title: Light-Toned Materials of Melas Chasma: Evidence for Their
Formation on Mars
Authors: Bi, X. Y.; Ling, Z. C.; Chen, J.; Zhang, J.; Cao, H. J.;
Wang, Y. M.; Song, C. Y.
Bibcode: 2017LPI....48.2794B
Altcode:
We find a distinctive terrain in Melas Chasma on Mars which has wavy
shape, determine the mineral phases, and figure out their possible
formation mechanism.
Title: The Stereo Electron Spikes and the Interplanetary Magnetic
Field
Authors: Jokipii, J. R.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Wang, Y. M.; Giacalone,
J.
Bibcode: 2016AGUFMSH51G..06J
Altcode:
A recent paper (Klassen etal, 2015) discussed observations of a spike
event of 55-65 keV electrons which occurred very nearly simultaneously
at STEREO A and STEREO B, which at the time were separated in longitude
by 38 degrees. The authors associated the spikes with a flare at the
Sun near the footpoint of the nominal Archimedean spiral magnetic
field line passing through STEREO A. The spike at STEREO A was delayed
by 2.2 minutes from that at STEREOB. We discuss the observations in
terms of a model in which the electrons, accelerated at the flare,
propagate without significant scattering along magnetic field lines
which separate or diverge as a function of radial distance from the
Sun. The near simultaneity of the spikes at the two spacecraft is a
natural consequence of this model. We interpret the divergence of the
magnetic field lines as a consequence of field-line random walk and
flux-tube expansion. We show that the field-line random walk in the
absence of flux-tube expansion produces an rms spread of field lines
significantly less than that which is required to produce to observed
divergence. We find that observations of the solar wind and its source
region at the time of the event can account for the observations in
terms of propagation along interplanetary magnetic field-lines. Klassen,
A., Dresing, N., Gomez-Herrero, R, and Heber, B., A&A 580, A115
(2015) Financial support for NS and YMW was provided by NASA and CNR.
Title: Fundamental Physics of the Slow Solar Wind - What do we Know?
Authors: Ofman, L.; Abbo, L.; Antiochos, S. K.; Hansteen, V. H.;
Harra, L.; Ko, Y. K.; Lapenta, G.; Li, B.; Riley, P.; Strachan, L.;
von Steiger, R.; Wang, Y. M.
Bibcode: 2016AGUFMSH42A..01O
Altcode:
Fundamental physical properties of the slow solar wind (SSW), such
as density, temperature, outflow speed, heavy ion abundances and
charges states were obtained from in-situ measurements at 1AU in
the past from WIND, ACE, and other spacecraft. Plasma and magnetic
field measurement are available as close as 0.3 AU from Helios data,
Spektr-R, and MESSENGER spacecraft. Remote sensing spectroscopic
measurements are available in the corona and below from SOHO/UVCS,
Hinode, and other missions. One of the major objectives of the Solar
Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus missions is to study the sources of the
SSW close to the Sun. The present state of understanding of the physics
of the SSW is based on the combination of the existing observations,
theoretical and numerical 3D MHD and multi-fluid models, that connect
between the SSW sources in the corona and the heliosphere. Recently,
hybrid models that combine fluid electrons and kinetic ions of the
expanding solar wind were developed, and provide further insights of the
local SSW plasma heating processes that related to turbulent magnetic
fluctuations spectra and kinetic ion instabilities observed in the
SSW plasma. These models produce the velocity distribution functions
(VDFs) of the protons and heavier ions as well as the ion anisotropic
temperatures. I will discuss the results of the above observations
and models, and review the current status of our understanding of
the fundamental physics of the SSW. I will review the open questions,
and discuss how they could be addressed with near future observations
and models.
Title: The Oxygen Charge-state Ratio as an Indicator of Footpoint
Field Strength in the Source Regions of the Solar Wind
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2016ApJ...833..121W
Altcode:
Because of its distinctive compositional properties and high
variability, the slow solar wind is widely believed to originate
from coronal streamers, unlike high-speed wind, which emanates from
coronal holes. Based on measurements from the Advanced Composition
Explorer, it has been proposed that an oxygen charge-state ratio
O7+/O6+ of 0.145 is the threshold that separates
streamer from coronal hole wind. During the 2007-2009 sunspot minimum,
however, the median value of O7+/O6+ fell to
only 0.06, implying that almost all of the near-Earth wind came from
coronal holes, despite the fact that the streamer belt lay much closer
to the ecliptic plane at that time than at solar maximum. Employing
extrapolations of photospheric field maps to derive the footpoint
field strengths B 0 of the near-Earth wind, we find that the
median value of B 0 decreased to only 2.6 G during 2007-2009,
from a value of 21 G during 1998-2004. The factor of ∼2 decrease in
the median value of O7+/O6+ thus reflects the
factor of ∼8 decrease in the footpoint field strength. Variations
in O7+/O6+ are strongly anticorrelated with
the wind speed on timescales of days, but not on long timescales,
which are dominated by changes in B 0. We suggest that the
charge-state ratio is determined by the amount of energy deposited near
the coronal base, which in turn depends on B 0 and the local
flux-tube expansion rate. High values of O7+/O6+
are associated with rapidly diverging flux tubes rooted just inside
the boundaries of coronal holes with strong footpoint fields.
Title: Role of the Coronal Alfvén Speed in Modulating the Solar-wind
Helium Abundance
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2016ApJ...833L..21W
Altcode:
The helium abundance He/H in the solar wind is relatively constant at
∼0.04 in high-speed streams, but varies in phase with the sunspot
number in slow wind, from ∼0.01 at solar minimum to ∼0.04 at
maximum. Suggested mechanisms for helium fractionation have included
frictional coupling to protons and resonant interactions with
high-frequency Alfvénic fluctuations. We compare He/H measurements
during 1995-2015 with coronal parameters derived from source-surface
extrapolations of photospheric field maps. We find that the near-Earth
helium abundance is an increasing function of the magnetic field
strength and Alfvén speed v A in the outer corona, while
being only weakly correlated with the proton flux density. Throughout
the solar cycle, fast wind is associated with short-term increases
in v A near the source surface; resonance with Alfvén
waves, with v A and the relative speed of α-particles
and protons decreasing with increasing heliocentric distance, may
then lead to enhanced He/H at 1 au. The modulation of helium in slow
wind reflects the tendency for the associated coronal Alfvén speeds
to rise steeply from sunspot minimum, when this wind is concentrated
around the source-surface neutral line, to sunspot maximum, when the
source-surface field attains its peak strengths. The helium abundance
near the source surface may represent a balance between collisional
decoupling from protons and Alfvén wave acceleration.
Title: Slow Solar Wind: Observations and Modeling
Authors: Abbo, L.; Ofman, L.; Antiochos, S. K.; Hansteen, V. H.;
Harra, L.; Ko, Y. -K.; Lapenta, G.; Li, B.; Riley, P.; Strachan, L.;
von Steiger, R.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2016SSRv..201...55A
Altcode: 2016SSRv..tmp...34A
While it is certain that the fast solar wind originates from coronal
holes, where and how the slow solar wind (SSW) is formed remains an
outstanding question in solar physics even in the post-SOHO era. The
quest for the SSW origin forms a major objective for the planned future
missions such as the Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus. Nonetheless,
results from spacecraft data, combined with theoretical modeling, have
helped to investigate many aspects of the SSW. Fundamental physical
properties of the coronal plasma have been derived from spectroscopic
and imaging remote-sensing data and in situ data, and these results
have provided crucial insights for a deeper understanding of the origin
and acceleration of the SSW. Advanced models of the SSW in coronal
streamers and other structures have been developed using 3D MHD and
multi-fluid equations.
Title: Near-Earth heliospheric magnetic field intensity since 1750:
2. Cosmogenic radionuclide reconstructions
Authors: Owens, M. J.; Cliver, E.; McCracken, K. G.; Beer, J.; Barnard,
L.; Lockwood, M.; Rouillard, A.; Passos, D.; Riley, P.; Usoskin, I.;
Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2016JGRA..121.6064O
Altcode:
This is Part 2 of a study of the near-Earth heliospheric magnetic field
strength, B, since 1750. Part 1 produced composite estimates of B from
geomagnetic and sunspot data over the period 1750-2013. Sunspot-based
reconstructions can be extended back to 1610, but the paleocosmic ray
(PCR) record is the only data set capable of providing a record of
solar activity on millennial timescales. The process for converting
10Be concentrations measured in ice cores to B is more
complex than with geomagnetic and sunspot data, and the uncertainties
in B derived from cosmogenic nuclides (~20% for any individual year)
are much larger. Within this level of uncertainty, we find reasonable
overall agreement between PCR-based B and the geomagnetic- and sunspot
number-based series. This agreement was enhanced by excising low values
in PCR-based B attributed to high-energy solar proton events. Other
discordant intervals, with as yet unspecified causes remain included in
our analysis. Comparison of 3 year averages centered on sunspot minimum
yields reasonable agreement between the three estimates, providing a
means to investigate the long-term changes in the heliospheric magnetic
field into the past even without a means to remove solar proton events
from the records.
Title: Near-Earth heliospheric magnetic field intensity since 1750:
1. Sunspot and geomagnetic reconstructions
Authors: Owens, M. J.; Cliver, E.; McCracken, K. G.; Beer, J.; Barnard,
L.; Lockwood, M.; Rouillard, A.; Passos, D.; Riley, P.; Usoskin, I.;
Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2016JGRA..121.6048O
Altcode:
We present two separate time series of the near-Earth heliospheric
magnetic field strength (B) based on geomagnetic data and sunspot number
(SSN). The geomagnetic-based B series from 1845 to 2013 is a weighted
composite of two series that employ the interdiurnal variability index;
this series is highly correlated with in situ spacecraft measurements
of B (correlation coefficient, r = 0.94; mean square error, MSE =
0.16 nT2). The SSN-based estimate of B, from 1750 to 2013,
is a weighted composite of eight time series derived from two separate
reconstruction methods applied to four different SSN time series,
allowing determination of the uncertainty from both the underlying
sunspot records and the B reconstruction methods. The SSN-based
composite is highly correlated with direct spacecraft measurements of B
and with the composite geomagnetic B time series from 1845 to 2013 (r =
0.91; MSE = 0.24 nT2), demonstrating that B can accurately
reconstructed by both geomagnetic and sunspot-based methods. The
composite sunspot and geomagnetic B time series, with uncertainties,
are provided as supporting information.
Title: Signatures of anomalous Higgs couplings in angular
asymmetries of H → Zℓ+ℓ- and
e+e- → HZ
Authors: Beneke, M.; Boito, D.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2016NPPP..273..846B
Altcode:
Parametrizing beyond Standard Model physics by the SU (3) ×
SU(2)L × U(1)Y dimension-six effective
lagrangian, we study the impact of anomalous Higgs couplings in
angular asymmetries of the crossing symmetric processes H →
Zℓ+ℓ- and e+e-
→ HZ. In the light of present bounds on d = 6 couplings, we show
that some asymmetries can reveal BSM effects that would otherwise
be hidden in other observables. The d = 6 HZγ couplings as well
as (to a lesser extent) HZℓℓ contact interactions can generate
asymmetries at the several percent level, albeit having less significant
effects on the di-lepton invariant mass spectrum of the decay H →
Zℓ+ℓ-. The higher di-lepton invariant mass
probed in e+e- → HZ can lead to complementary
anomalous coupling searches at e+e- colliders.
Title: The Ubiquitous Presence of Looplike Fine Structure inside
Solar Active Regions
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2016ApJ...820L..13W
Altcode:
Although most of the solar surface outside active regions (ARs)
is pervaded by small-scale fields of mixed polarity, this magnetic
“carpet” or “junkyard” is thought to be largely absent inside
AR plages and strong network. However, using extreme-ultraviolet images
and line-of-sight magnetograms from the Solar Dynamics Observatory,
we find that unipolar flux concentrations, both inside and outside
ARs, often have small, loop-shaped Fe ix 17.1 and Fe xii 19.3 nm
features embedded within them, even though no minority-polarity flux
is visible in the corresponding magnetograms. Such looplike structures,
characterized by horizontal sizes of ∼3-5 Mm and varying on timescales
of minutes or less, are seen inside bright 17.1 nm moss, as well as in
fainter moss-like regions associated with weaker network outside ARs. We
also note a tendency for bright coronal loops to show compact, looplike
features at their footpoints. Based on these observations, we suggest
that present-day magnetograms may be substantially underrepresenting the
amount of minority-polarity flux inside plages and strong network, and
that reconnection between small bipoles and the overlying large-scale
field could be a major source of coronal heating both in ARs and in
the quiet Sun.
Title: Converging Supergranular Flows and the Formation of Coronal
Plumes
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Warren, H. P.; Muglach, K.
Bibcode: 2016ApJ...818..203W
Altcode:
Earlier studies have suggested that coronal plumes are energized
by magnetic reconnection between unipolar flux concentrations and
nearby bipoles, even though magnetograms sometimes show very little
minority-polarity flux near the footpoints of plumes. Here we use
high-resolution extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) images and magnetograms
from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to clarify the relationship
between plume emission and the underlying photospheric field. We
find that plumes form where unipolar network elements inside coronal
holes converge to form dense clumps, and fade as the clumps disperse
again. The converging flows also carry internetwork fields of both
polarities. Although the minority-polarity flux is sometimes barely
visible in the magnetograms, the corresponding EUV images almost
invariably show loop-like features in the core of the plumes, with the
fine structure changing on timescales of minutes or less. We conclude
that the SDO observations are consistent with a model in which plume
emission originates from interchange reconnection in converging flows,
with the plume lifetime being determined by the ∼1 day evolutionary
timescale of the supergranular network. Furthermore, the presence of
large EUV bright points and/or ephemeral regions is not a necessary
precondition for the formation of plumes, which can be energized
even by the weak, mixed-polarity internetwork fields swept up by
converging flows.
Title: Slow Solar Wind: Observable Characteristics for Constraining
Modelling
Authors: Ofman, L.; Abbo, L.; Antiochos, S. K.; Hansteen, V. H.;
Harra, L.; Ko, Y. K.; Lapenta, G.; Li, B.; Riley, P.; Strachan, L.;
von Steiger, R.; Wang, Y. M.
Bibcode: 2015AGUFMSH11F..03O
Altcode:
The Slow Solar Wind (SSW) origin is an open issue in the post SOHO
era and forms a major objective for planned future missions such as
the Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus.Results from spacecraft data,
combined with theoretical modeling, have helped to investigate many
aspects of the SSW. Fundamental physical properties of the coronal
plasma have been derived from spectroscopic and imaging remote-sensing
data and in-situ data, and these results have provided crucial insights
for a deeper understanding of the origin and acceleration of the
SSW.Advances models of the SSW in coronal streamers and other structures
have been developed using 3D MHD and multi-fluid equations.Nevertheless,
there are still debated questions such as:What are the source regions
of SSW? What are their contributions to the SSW?Which is the role
of the magnetic topology in corona for the origin, acceleration and
energy deposition of SSW?Which are the possible acceleration and heating
mechanisms for the SSW?The aim of this study is to present the insights
on the SSW origin and formationarisen during the discussions at the
International Space Science Institute (ISSI) by the Team entitled
''Slowsolar wind sources and acceleration mechanisms in the corona''
held in Bern (Switzerland) in March2014--2015. The attached figure will
be presented to summarize the different hypotheses of the SSW formation.
Title: Capabilities of a Global 3D MHD Model for Monitoring Extremely
Fast CMEs
Authors: Wu, C. C.; Plunkett, S. P.; Liou, K.; Socker, D. G.; Wu,
S. T.; Wang, Y. M.
Bibcode: 2015AGUFMSH41F..03W
Altcode:
Since the start of the space era, spacecraft have recorded many
extremely fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) which have resulted in
severe geomagnetic storms. Accurate and timely forecasting of the
space weather effects of these events is important for protecting
expensive space assets and astronauts and avoiding communications
interruptions. Here, we will introduce a newly developed global,
three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model (G3DMHD). The
model takes the solar magnetic field maps at 2.5 solar radii (Rs)
and intepolates the solar wind plasma and field out to 18 Rs using
the algorithm of Wang and Sheeley (1990, JGR). The output is used as
the inner boundary condition for a 3D MHD model. The G3DMHD model is
capable of simulating (i) extremely fast CME events with propagation
speeds faster than 2500 km/s; and (ii) multiple CME events in sequence
or simultaneously. We will demonstrate the simulation results (and
comparison with in-situ observation) for the fastest CME in record
on 23 July 2012, the shortest transit time in March 1976, and the
well-known historic Carrington 1859 event.
Title: Coronal Mass Ejections and the Solar Cycle Variation of the
Sun's Open Flux
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.
Bibcode: 2015ApJ...809L..24W
Altcode: 2021arXiv210407238W
The strength of the radial component of the interplanetary magnetic
field (IMF), which is a measure of the Sun’s total open flux, is
observed to vary by roughly a factor of two over the 11 year solar
cycle. Several recent studies have proposed that the Sun’s open
flux consists of a constant or “floor” component that dominates
at sunspot minimum, and a time-varying component due to coronal mass
ejections (CMEs). Here, we point out that CMEs cannot account for
the large peaks in the IMF strength which occurred in 2003 and late
2014, and which coincided with peaks in the Sun’s equatorial dipole
moment. We also show that near-Earth interplanetary CMEs, as identified
in the catalog of Richardson and Cane, contribute at most ∼30% of the
average radial IMF strength even during sunspot maximum. We conclude
that the long-term variation of the radial IMF strength is determined
mainly by the Sun’s total dipole moment, with the quadrupole moment
and CMEs providing an additional boost near sunspot maximum. Most of
the open flux is rooted in coronal holes, whose solar cycle evolution
in turn reflects that of the Sun’s lowest-order multipoles.
Title: The Recent Rejuvenation of the Sun's Large-scale Magnetic
Field: A Clue for Understanding Past and Future Sunspot Cycles
Authors: Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2015ApJ...809..113S
Altcode:
The quiet nature of sunspot cycle 24 was disrupted during the second
half of 2014 when the Sun’s large-scale field underwent a sudden
rejuvenation: the solar mean field reached its highest value since
1991, the interplanetary field strength doubled, and galactic cosmic
rays showed their strongest 27-day modulation since neutron-monitor
observations began in 1957; in the outer corona, the large increase of
field strength was reflected by unprecedentedly large numbers of coronal
loops collapsing inward along the heliospheric current sheet. Here, we
show that this rejuvenation was not caused by a significant increase in
the level of solar activity as measured by the smoothed sunspot number
and CME rate, but instead was caused by the systematic emergence of flux
in active regions whose longitudinal distribution greatly increased the
Sun’s dipole moment. A similar post-maximum increase in the dipole
moment occurred during each of the previous three sunspot cycles,
and marked the start of the declining phase of each cycle. We note
that the north-south component of this peak dipole moment provides
an early indicator of the amplitude of the next cycle, and conclude
that the amplitude of cycle 25 may be comparable to that of cycle 24,
and well above the amplitudes obtained during the Maunder Minimum.
Title: Evidence of the Solar EUV Hot Channel as a Magnetic Flux Rope
from Remote-sensing and In Situ Observations
Authors: SONG, H. Q.; CHEN, Y.; ZHANG, J.; CHENG, X.; Wang, B.; HU,
Q.; LI, G.; WANG, Y. M.
Bibcode: 2015ApJ...808L..15S
Altcode: 2015arXiv150700078S
Hot channels (HCs), high-temperature erupting structures in the lower
corona of the Sun, have been proposed as a proxy of magnetic flux
ropes (MFRs) since their initial discovery. However, it is difficult
to provide definitive proof given the fact that there is no direct
measurement of the magnetic field in the corona. An alternative method
is to use the magnetic field measurement in the solar wind from in
situ instruments. On 2012 July 12, an HC was observed prior to and
during a coronal mass ejection (CME) by the Atmospheric Imaging
Assembly high-temperature images. The HC is invisible in the EUVI
low-temperature images, which only show the cooler leading front
(LF). However, both the LF and an ejecta can be observed in the
coronagraphic images. These are consistent with the high temperature
and high density of the HC and support that the ejecta is the erupted
HC. Meanwhile, the associated CME shock was identified ahead of the
ejecta and the sheath through the COR2 images, and the corresponding
ICME was detected by the Advanced Composition Explorer, showing the
shock, sheath, and magnetic cloud (MC) sequentially, which agrees
with the coronagraphic observations. Further, the MC average Fe charge
state is elevated, containing a relatively low-ionization-state center
and a high-ionization-state shell, consistent with the preexisting
HC observation and its growth through magnetic reconnection. All of
these observations support that the MC detected near the Earth is the
counterpart of the erupted HC in the corona for this event. The study
provides strong observational evidence of the HC as an MFR.
Title: Coronal Pseudo-Streamer and Bipolar Streamer Observed by
SOHO/UVCS in March 2008
Authors: Abbo, L.; Lionello, R.; Riley, P.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2015SoPh..290.2043A
Altcode: 2015SoPh..tmp...90A; 2015arXiv150505649A
The past solar minimum is characterized by several peculiar aspects
and by a complex magnetic topology with two different types of coronal
streamers: pseudo-streamers and bipolar streamers. Pseudo-streamers
or unipolar streamer are coronal structures that separate coronal
holes of the same polarity, without a current sheet in the outer
corona; unlike bipolar streamers, which separate coronal holes of
opposite magnetic polarity. In this study, two examples of these
structures have been identified in the period of Carrington rotation
2067 by applying a potential-field source-surface extrapolation
of the photospheric field measurements. We present a spectroscopic
analysis of a pseudo-streamer and a bipolar streamer observed in the
period 12 - 17 March 2008 at high spectral and spatial resolution by
the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS; Kohl et al., Solar
Phys.162, 313, 1995) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
(SOHO). The solar wind plasma parameters, such as kinetic temperature,
electron density, and outflow velocity, were inferred in the extended
corona (from 1.7 to 2.1 R⊙) by analyzing the O VI doublet
and H I Ly α line spectra. The coronal magnetic topology was taken
into account and was extrapolated with a 3D magneto-hydrodynamic
model of the global corona. The results of the analysis show some
peculiarities of the pseudo-streamer physical parameters in comparison
with those obtained for bipolar streamers: in particular, we have
found a higher kinetic temperature and higher outflow velocities of
O VI ions and lower electron density values. In conclusion, we point
out that pseudo-streamers produce a hybrid type of outflow that is
intermediate between the slow and fast solar winds. These outflows are
a possible source of slow/fast wind in a non-dipolar solar magnetic
field configuration.
Title: First Taste of Hot Channel in Interplanetary Space
Authors: Song, H. Q.; Zhang, J.; Chen, Y.; Cheng, X.; Li, G.; Wang,
Y. M.
Bibcode: 2015ApJ...803...96S
Altcode: 2015arXiv150204408S
A hot channel (HC) is a high temperature (∼10 MK) structure in the
inner corona first revealed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board
the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Eruptions of HCs are often associated
with flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Results of previous
studies have suggested that an HC is a good proxy for a magnetic
flux rope (MFR) in the inner corona as well as another well known MFR
candidate, the prominence-cavity structure, which has a normal coronal
temperature (∼1-2 MK). In this paper, we report a high temperature
structure (HTS, ∼1.5 MK) contained in an interplanetary CME induced
by an HC eruption. According to the observations of bidirectional
electrons, high temperature and density, strong magnetic field, and
its association with the shock, sheath, and plasma pile-up region,
we suggest that the HTS is the interplanetary counterpart of the
HC. The scale of the measured HTS is around 14 R ⊙ , and
it maintained a much higher temperature than the background solar wind
even at 1 AU. It is significantly different from the typical magnetic
clouds, which usually have a much lower temperature. Our study suggests
that the existence of a corotating interaction region ahead of the HC
formed a magnetic container to inhibit expansion of the HC and cool
it down to a low temperature.
Title: Pseudostreamers as the Source of a Separate Class of Solar
Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2015ApJ...803L..12W
Altcode:
Using white-light and extreme-ultraviolet imaging observations,
we confirm that pseudostreamers (streamers that separate coronal
holes of the same polarity) give rise to a different type of coronal
mass ejection (CME) from that associated with helmet streamers
(defined as separating coronal holes of opposite polarity). Whereas
helmet streamers are the source of the familiar bubble-shaped CMEs
characterized by gradual acceleration and a three-part structure,
pseudostreamers produce narrower, fanlike ejections with roughly
constant speeds. These ejections, which are typically triggered by
underlying filament eruptions or small, flaring active regions, are
confined laterally and channeled outward by the like-polarity open flux
that converges onto the pseudostreamer plasma sheet from both sides. In
contrast, helmet streamer CMEs are centered on the relatively weak field
around the heliospheric current sheet and thus undergo greater lateral
expansion. Pseudostreamer ejections have a morphological resemblance
to white-light jets from coronal holes; however, unlike the latter,
they are not primarily driven by interchange reconnection, and tend
to have larger widths (∼20°-30°), lower speeds (∼250-700 km
s-1), and more complex internal structure.
Title: Active-region Tilt Angles: Magnetic versus White-light
Determinations of Joy's Law
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Colaninno, R. C.; Baranyi, T.; Li, J.
Bibcode: 2015ApJ...798...50W
Altcode: 2014arXiv1412.2329W
The axes of solar active regions are inclined relative to the
east-west direction, with the tilt angle tending to increase with
latitude ("Joy's law"). Observational determinations of Joy's law
have been based either on white-light images of sunspot groups or
on magnetograms, where the latter have the advantage of measuring
directly the physically relevant quantity (the photospheric field),
but the disadvantage of having been recorded routinely only since
the mid-1960s. White-light studies employing the historical Mount
Wilson (MW) database have yielded tilt angles that are smaller and
that increase less steeply with latitude than those obtained from
magnetic data. We confirm this effect by comparing sunspot-group
tilt angles from the Debrecen Photoheliographic Database with
measurements made by Li and Ulrich using MW magnetograms taken during
cycles 21-23. Whether white-light or magnetic data are employed, the
median tilt angles significantly exceed the mean values, and provide a
better characterization of the observed distributions. The discrepancy
between the white-light and magnetic results is found to have two main
sources. First, a substantial fraction of the white-light "tilt angles"
refer to sunspots of the same polarity. Of greater physical significance
is that the magnetograph measurements include the contribution of
plage areas, which are invisible in white-light images but tend to
have greater axial inclinations than the adjacent sunspots. Given the
large uncertainties inherent in both the white-light and the magnetic
measurements, it remains unclear whether any systematic relationship
exists between tilt angle and cycle amplitude during cycles 16-23.
Title: Solar Cycle Variation of the Sun's Low-Order Magnetic
Multipoles: Heliospheric Consequences
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2015sac..book..387W
Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
Title: Solar Cycle Variation of the Sun's Low-Order Magnetic
Multipoles: Heliospheric Consequences
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2014SSRv..186..387W
Altcode: 2014SSRv..tmp...17W
The Sun's dipole and quadrupole components play a central role in the
solar cycle evolution of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The
long-term variation of the radial IMF component approximately tracks
that of the total dipole moment, with additional contributions coming
near sunspot maximum from the quadrupole moment and from CMEs. The axial
and equatorial components of the dipole vary out of phase with each
other over the solar cycle. The equatorial dipole, whose photospheric
sources are subject to rotational shearing, decays on a timescale of
∼1 yr and must be continually regenerated by new sunspot activity; its
fluctuating strength depends not only on the activity level, but also
on the longitudinal phase relationships among the active regions. During
cycles 21-23, the equatorial dipole and IMF reached their peak strength
∼2 yrs after sunspot maximum; conversely, large dips or "Gnevyshev
gaps" occurred when active regions emerged longitudinally out of phase
with each other. The 10Be-inferred phase shift in the IMF
variation during the Maunder Minimum may be explained by a decrease in
the amplitude of the equatorial dipole relative to the axial dipole,
due either to a systematic weakening of the emerging bipoles or to
an increase in their tilt angles. In mid-2012, during the polarity
reversal of cycle 24, the nonaxisymmetric quadrupole component became
so dominant that the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) split into two
cylindrical components. Hemispheric asymmetries in sunspot activity
give rise to an axisymmetric quadrupole component, which has combined
with the axial dipole to produce a systematic southward displacement
of the HCS since cycle 20.
Title: Coronal Inflows during the Interval 1996-2014
Authors: Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2014ApJ...797...10S
Altcode:
We extend our previous counts of coronal inflows from the 5 yr interval
1996-2001 to the 18 yr interval 1996-2014. By comparing stackplots
of these counts with similar stackplots of the source-surface
magnetic field and its longitudinal gradient, we find that the
inflows occur in long-lived streams with counting rates in excess of
18 inflows per day at sector boundaries where the gradient exceeds
0.22 G rad-1. These streams are responsible for the high
(86%) correlation between the inflow rate and the longitudinal
field gradient. The overall inflow rate was several times larger in
sunspot cycle 23 than it has been so far in cycle 24, reflecting the
relatively weak source-surface fields during this cycle. By comparison,
in cycles 21-22, the source-surface field and its gradient had bursts
of great strength, as if large numbers of inflows occurred during
those cycles. We find no obvious relation between inflows and coronal
mass ejections (CMEs) on timescales of days to weeks, regardless of the
speeds of the CMEs, and only a 60% correlation on timescales of months,
provided the CMEs are fast (V > 600 km s-1). We conclude
that most of the flux carried out by CMEs is returned to the Sun via
field line reconnection well below the 2.0 R ⊙ inner limit
of the LASCO field of view, and that the remainder accumulates in the
outer corona for an eventual return at sector boundaries.
Title: An Unusual Heliospheric Plasma Sheet Crossing at 1 AU
Authors: Wu, C. C.; Liou, K.; Vourlidas, A.; Lepping, R. P.; Wang,
Y. M.; Plunkett, S. P.; Socker, D. G.; Wu, S. T.
Bibcode: 2014AGUFMSH43A4166W
Altcode:
At 11:46UT on September 9, 2011, the Wind spacecraft encountered
an interplanetary (IP) fast forward shock. The shock was followed
almost immediately (~5 minutes) by a short duration (~35 minutes),
extremely large density pulse with a density peak of ~100 cm-3. While
a sharp increase in the solar wind density is typical of an IP shock
downstream, the unusual large density increase prompts a further
investigation. After a close examination of other in situ data from
Wind, we find the density pulse was associated with (1) a spike in
the plasma beta (ratio of thermal to magnetic pressure), (2) multiple
sign changes in the azimuthal angle of magnetic field, (3) depressed
magnetic field, (4) a small radial component of magnetic field, and (5)
a large (>90 degrees) pitch-angle change in suprathermal electrons
(>200 eV) across the density pulse. We conclude that the density
pulse is the heliospheric plasma sheet and the estimated thickness is
~820,000km. The unusually large density pulse is likely to be a result
of the shock compression from behind. This view is supported by our 3D
magnetohydrodynamic simulation. The detailed result and implications
will be discussed. *This work is supported partially by ONR 6.1 program
Title: Formation of a Double-decker Magnetic Flux Rope in the
Sigmoidal Solar Active Region 11520
Authors: Cheng, X.; Ding, M. D.; Zhang, J.; Sun, X. D.; Guo, Y.;
Wang, Y. M.; Kliem, B.; Deng, Y. Y.
Bibcode: 2014ApJ...789...93C
Altcode: 2014arXiv1405.4923C
In this paper, we address the formation of a magnetic flux rope
(MFR) that erupted on 2012 July 12 and caused a strong geomagnetic
storm event on July 15. Through analyzing the long-term evolution
of the associated active region observed by the Atmospheric Imaging
Assembly and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar
Dynamics Observatory, it is found that the twisted field of an MFR,
indicated by a continuous S-shaped sigmoid, is built up from two groups
of sheared arcades near the main polarity inversion line a half day
before the eruption. The temperature within the twisted field and
sheared arcades is higher than that of the ambient volume, suggesting
that magnetic reconnection most likely works there. The driver behind
the reconnection is attributed to shearing and converging motions
at magnetic footpoints with velocities in the range of 0.1-0.6 km
s-1. The rotation of the preceding sunspot also contributes
to the MFR buildup. Extrapolated three-dimensional non-linear force-free
field structures further reveal the locations of the reconnection to
be in a bald-patch region and in a hyperbolic flux tube. About 2 hr
before the eruption, indications of a second MFR in the form of an
S-shaped hot channel are seen. It lies above the original MFR that
continuously exists and includes a filament. The whole structure
thus makes up a stable double-decker MFR system for hours prior to
the eruption. Eventually, after entering the domain of instability,
the high-lying MFR impulsively erupts to generate a fast coronal mass
ejection and X-class flare; while the low-lying MFR remains behind
and continuously maintains the sigmoidicity of the active region.
Title: Is Solar Cycle 24 Producing More Coronal Mass Ejections Than
Cycle 23?
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Colaninno, R.
Bibcode: 2014ApJ...784L..27W
Altcode:
Although sunspot numbers are roughly a factor of two lower in the
current cycle than in cycle 23, the rate of coronal mass ejections
(CMEs) appears to be at least as high in 2011-2013 as during the
corresponding phase of the previous cycle, according to three catalogs
that list events observed with the Large Angle and Spectrometric
Coronagraph (LASCO). However, the number of CMEs detected is sensitive
to such factors as the image cadence and the tendency (especially by
human observers) to under-/overcount small or faint ejections during
periods of high/low activity. In contrast to the total number, the
total mass of CMEs is determined mainly by larger events. Using the
mass measurements of 11,000 CMEs given in the manual CDAW catalog,
we find that the mass loss rate remains well correlated with the
sunspot number during cycle 24. In the case of the automated CACTus
and SEEDS catalogs, the large increase in the number of CMEs during
cycle 24 is almost certainly an artifact caused by the near-doubling
of the LASCO image cadence after mid-2010. We confirm that fast CMEs
undergo a much stronger solar-cycle variation than slow ones, and
that the relative frequency of slow and less massive CMEs increases
with decreasing sunspot number. We conclude that cycle 24 is not only
producing fewer CMEs than cycle 23, but that these ejections also tend
to be slower and less massive than those observed one cycle earlier.
Title: Temperature Evolution of a Magnetic Flux Rope in a Failed
Solar Eruption
Authors: Song, H. Q.; Zhang, J.; Cheng, X.; Chen, Y.; Liu, R.; Wang,
Y. M.; Li, B.
Bibcode: 2014ApJ...784...48S
Altcode: 2014arXiv1402.1602S
In this paper, we report for the first time the detailed temperature
evolution process of the magnetic flux rope in a failed solar
eruption. Occurring on 2013 January 05, the flux rope was impulsively
accelerated to a speed of ~400 km s-1 in the first minute,
then decelerated and came to a complete stop in two minutes. The
failed eruption resulted in a large-size high-lying (~100 Mm above the
surface), high-temperature "fire ball" sitting in the corona for more
than two hours. The time evolution of the thermal structure of the flux
rope was revealed through the differential emission measure analysis
technique, which produced temperature maps using observations of the
Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory. The
average temperature of the flux rope steadily increased from ~5 MK to
~10 MK during the first nine minutes of the evolution, which was much
longer than the rise time (about three minutes) of the associated soft
X-ray flare. We suggest that the flux rope is heated by the energy
release of the continuing magnetic reconnection, different from the
heating of the low-lying flare loops, which is mainly produced by
the chromospheric plasma evaporation. The loop arcade overlying the
flux rope was pushed up by ~10 Mm during the attempted eruption. The
pattern of the velocity variation of the loop arcade strongly suggests
that the failure of the eruption was caused by the strapping effect
of the overlying loop arcade.
Title: Evidence for Two Separate Heliospheric Current Sheets of
Cylindrical Shape During Mid-2012
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Young, P. R.; Muglach, K.
Bibcode: 2014ApJ...780..103W
Altcode:
During the reversal of the Sun's polar fields at sunspot maximum,
outward extrapolations of magnetograph measurements often predict the
presence of two or more current sheets extending into the interplanetary
medium, instead of the single heliospheric current sheet (HCS) that
forms the basis of the standard "ballerina skirt" picture. By comparing
potential-field source-surface models of the coronal streamer belt
with white-light coronagraph observations, we deduce that the HCS
was split into two distinct structures with circular cross sections
during mid-2012. These cylindrical current sheets were centered near
the heliographic equator and separated in longitude by roughly 180° a
corresponding four-sector polarity pattern was observed at Earth. Each
cylinder enclosed a negative-polarity coronal hole that was identifiable
in extreme ultraviolet images and gave rise to a high-speed stream. The
two current sheet systems are shown to be a result of the dominance
of the Sun's nonaxisymmetric quadrupole component, as the axial dipole
field was undergoing its reversal during solar cycle 24.
Title: On the Strength of the Hemispheric Rule and the Origin of
Active-region Helicity
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2013ApJ...775L..46W
Altcode:
Vector magnetograph and morphological observations have shown that
the solar magnetic field tends to have negative (positive) helicity in
the northern (southern) hemisphere, although only ~60%-70% of active
regions appear to obey this "hemispheric rule." In contrast, at least
~80% of quiescent filaments and filament channels that form during the
decay of active regions follow the rule. We attribute this discrepancy
to the difficulty in determining the helicity sign of newly emerged
active regions, which are dominated by their current-free component;
as the transverse field is canceled at the polarity inversion lines,
however, the axial component becomes dominant there, allowing a more
reliable determination of the original active-region chirality. We
thus deduce that the hemispheric rule is far stronger than generally
assumed, and cannot be explained by stochastic processes. Earlier
studies have shown that the twist associated with the axial tilt of
active regions is too small to account for the observed helicity;
here, both tilt and twist are induced by the Coriolis force acting on
the diverging flow in the emerging flux tube. However, in addition to
this east-west expansion about the apex of the loop, each of its legs
must expand continually in cross section during its rise through the
convection zone, thereby acquiring a further twist through the Coriolis
force. Since this transverse pressure effect is not limited by drag
or tension forces, the final twist depends mainly on the rise time,
and may be large enough to explain the observed active-region helicity.
Title: Fe XII Stalks and the Origin of the Axial Field in Filament
Channels
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Stenborg, G.
Bibcode: 2013ApJ...770...72W
Altcode:
Employing Fe XII images and line-of-sight magnetograms, we deduce
the direction of the axial field in high-latitude filament channels
from the orientation of the adjacent stalklike structures. Throughout
the rising phase of the current solar cycle 24, filament channels
poleward of latitude 30° overwhelmingly obeyed the hemispheric
chirality rule, being dextral (sinistral) in the northern (southern)
hemisphere, corresponding to negative (positive) helicity. During
the deep minimum of 2007-2009, the orientation of the Fe XII stalks
was often difficult to determine, but no obvious violations of the
rule were found. Although the hemispheric trend was still present
during the maximum and early declining phase of cycle 23 (2000-2003),
several high-latitude exceptions were identified at that time. From
the observation that dextral (sinistral) filament channels form
through the decay of active regions whose Fe XII features show
a counterclockwise (clockwise) whorl, we conclude that the axial
field direction is determined by the intrinsic helicity of the active
regions. In contrast, generation of the axial field component by the
photospheric differential rotation is difficult to reconcile with the
observed chirality of polar crown and circular filament channels, and
with the presence of filament channels along the equator. The main role
of differential rotation in filament channel formation is to expedite
the cancellation of flux and thus the removal of the transverse field
component. We propose further that, rather than being ejected into
the heliosphere, the axial field is eventually resubmerged by flux
cancellation as the adjacent unipolar regions become increasingly mixed.
Title: Origins of Suprathermal Seed Particles in Gradual Solar
Energetic Particle Events
Authors: Tylka, A. J.; Ko, Y.; Ng, C. K.; Wang, Y. M.; Dietrich, W. F.
Bibcode: 2013AGUSMSH51C..02T
Altcode:
Gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events are those in which ions
are accelerated to their observed energies by interactions with a
shock driven by a fast coronal mass-ejection (CME). Previous studies
have shown that much of the observed event-to-event variability can be
understood in terms of shock speed and evolution in the shock-normal
angle. But an equally important factor, particularly for the elemental
composition, is the origin of the suprathermal seed particles upon
which the shock acts. To tackle this issue, we (1) use observed
solar-wind speed, photospheric magnetograms, and the PFSS model to map
the Sun-L1 interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines back to their
source region on the Sun at the time of the SEP observations; and
(2) then look for correlation between SEP composition (as measured
by Wind and ACE at ~2-30 MeV/nucleon) and characteristics of the
identified IMF-source regions. The study is based on 24 SEP events,
identified as a statistically-significant increase in ~20 MeV protons
and occurring in 1998 and 2003-2006, when the rate of CMEs was lower
than in solar-maximum years and the field-line tracing is therefore
more likely to be successful. In all cases, we are dealing with events
in which the Fe/O enhancement is well-below the highly-enhanced values
(~1) associated with "impulsive" SEP events, in which ions are believed
to have attained their observed energies through magnetic reconnection,
such as that which occurs in flares. We find that the gradual SEP
Fe/O is correlated with the magnetic field near the IMF-source,
with the largest enhancements occurring when the field is strong,
due to the nearby presence of an active region. In these cases,
other elemental ratios show a strong charge-to-mass (Q/M) ordering,
at least on average, similar to that found in impulsive events. These
results lead us to suggest that reconnection processes at footpoints
near active regions bias the heavy-ion composition of suprathermal
seed ions by processes qualitatively similar to those that produce
even larger heavy-ion enhancements in impulsive SEP events. To address
potential technical concerns about our analysis, we review efforts to
exclude impulsive SEP events from our event sample. We also discuss
the implications of our results for using coronal field models to
determine the source of the interplanetary magnetic field.
Title: Transient Brightenings Associated with Flux Cancellation
along a Filament Channel
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Muglach, K.
Bibcode: 2013ApJ...763...97W
Altcode:
Filament channels coincide with large-scale polarity inversion
lines of the photospheric magnetic field, where flux cancellation
continually takes place. High-cadence Solar Dynamics Observatory
(SDO) images recorded in He II 30.4 nm and Fe IX 17.1 nm during 2010
August 22 reveal numerous transient brightenings occurring along
the edge of a filament channel within a decaying active region,
where SDO line-of-sight magnetograms show strong opposite-polarity
flux in close contact. The brightenings are elongated along the
direction of the filament channel, with linear extents of several
arcseconds, and typically last a few minutes; they sometimes have
the form of multiple two-sided ejections with speeds on the order of
100 km s-1. Remarkably, some of the brightenings rapidly
develop into larger scale events, forming sheetlike structures that are
eventually torn apart by the diverging flows in the filament channel
and ejected in opposite directions. We interpret the brightenings as
resulting from reconnections among filament-channel field lines having
one footpoint located in the region of canceling flux. In some cases,
the flow patterns that develop in the channel may bring successive
horizontal loops together and cause a cascade to larger scales.
Title: The Solar Wind and Interplanetary Field during Very Low
Amplitude Sunspot Cycles
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.
Bibcode: 2013ApJ...764...90W
Altcode:
Cosmogenic isotope records indicate that a solar-cycle modulation
persists through extended periods of very low sunspot activity. One
immediate implication is that the photospheric field during such grand
minima did not consist entirely of ephemeral regions, which produce
a negligible amount of open magnetic flux, but continued to have a
large-scale component originating from active regions. Present-day
solar and heliospheric observations show that the solar wind mass
flux and proton density at the coronal base scale almost linearly
with the footpoint field strength, whereas the wind speed at Earth is
uncorrelated with the latter. Thus a factor of ~4-7 reduction in the
total open flux, as deduced from reconstructions of the interplanetary
magnetic field (IMF) during the Maunder Minimum, would lead to a
similar decrease in the solar wind densities, while leaving the
wind speeds largely unchanged. We also demonstrate that a decrease
in the strengths of the largest active regions during grand minima
will reduce the amplitude of the Sun's equatorial dipole relative to
the axial component, causing the IMF strength to peak near sunspot
minimum rather than near sunspot maximum, a result that is consistent
with the phase shift observed in the 10Be record during the
Maunder Minimum. Finally, we discuss the origin of the 5 yr periodicity
sometimes present in the cosmogenic isotope data during low and medium
amplitude cycles.
Title: Semiempirical Models of the Slow and Fast Solar Wind
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2013mspc.book..123W
Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
Title: Semiempirical Models of the Slow and Fast Solar Wind
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2012SSRv..172..123W
Altcode: 2011SSRv..tmp....3W; 2011SSRv..tmp..337W; 2011SSRv..tmp...93W;
2011SSRv..tmp..169W
Coronal holes can produce several types of solar wind with a variety
of compositional properties, depending on the location and strength of
the heating along their open magnetic field lines. High-speed wind is
associated with (relatively) slowly diverging flux tubes rooted in
the interiors of large holes with weak, uniform footpoint fields;
heating is spread over a large radial distance, so that most of
the energy is conducted outward and goes into accelerating the wind
rather than increasing the mass flux. In the rapidly diverging open
fields present at coronal hole boundaries and around active regions,
the heating is concentrated at low heights and the temperature maximum
is located near the coronal base, resulting in high oxygen freezing-in
temperatures and low asymptotic wind speeds. Polar plumes have a strong
additional source of heating at their bases, which generates a large
downward conductive flux, raising the densities and enhancing the
radiative losses. The relative constancy of the solar wind mass flux
at Earth reflects the tendency for the heating rate in coronal holes
to increase monotonically with the footpoint field strength, with very
high mass fluxes at the Sun offsetting the enormous flux-tube expansion
in active region holes. Although coronal holes are its main source,
slow wind is also released continually from helmet streamer loops by
reconnection processes, giving rise to plasma blobs (small flux ropes)
and the heliospheric plasma sheet.
Title: Determining the North-South Displacement of the Heliospheric
Current Sheet from Coronal Streamer Observations
Authors: Robbrecht, E.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2012ApJ...755..135R
Altcode:
Inferences based on interplanetary field measurements have suggested
a statistical tendency for the heliospheric current sheet (HCS)
to be displaced southward of the heliographic equator during the
past four solar cycles. Here, we use synoptic maps of white-light
streamer structures to determine more directly the longitudinally
averaged latitude of the HCS, after separating out the contribution of
streamers without magnetic polarity reversals ("pseudostreamers"). We
find a strong tendency for the HCS to be shifted southward by a few
degrees during 2007-2011, but no significant shift during the 1996-1997
sunspot minimum. Fluctuations in the magnitude and direction of the
north-south shifts often occur on timescales as short as one or two
Carrington rotations, as a result of changes in the streamer structures
due to active region emergence. The largest shifts occurred during
2010-2011 and were on the order of -6°. Such southward displacements
are consistent with the overwhelming dominance of northern-hemisphere
sunspot activity during the rising phase of the current solar cycle 24,
resulting in a strong axisymmetric quadrupole component whose sign at
the equator matched that of the north polar field; the symmetry-breaking
effect of the quadrupole was further enhanced by the weakness of the
polar fields.
Title: On the Nature of the Solar Wind from Coronal Pseudostreamers
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Grappin, R.; Robbrecht, E.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.
Bibcode: 2012ApJ...749..182W
Altcode:
Coronal pseudostreamers, which separate like-polarity coronal holes, do
not have current sheet extensions, unlike the familiar helmet streamers
that separate opposite-polarity holes. Both types of streamers taper
into narrow plasma sheets that are maintained by continual interchange
reconnection with the adjacent open magnetic field lines. White-light
observations show that pseudostreamers do not emit plasma blobs; this
important difference from helmet streamers is due to the convergence
of like-polarity field lines above the X-point, which prevents the
underlying loops from expanding outward and pinching off. The main
component of the pseudostreamer wind has the form of steady outflow
along the open field lines rooted just inside the boundaries of the
adjacent coronal holes. These flux tubes are characterized by very
rapid expansion below the X-point, followed by reconvergence at greater
heights. Analysis of an idealized pseudostreamer configuration shows
that, as the separation between the underlying holes increases, the
X-point rises and the expansion factor f ss at the source
surface increases. In situ observations of pseudostreamer crossings
indicate wind speeds v ranging from ~350 to ~550 km s-1,
with O7 +/O6 + ratios that are enhanced compared
with those in high-speed streams but substantially lower than in the
slow solar wind. Hydrodynamic energy-balance models show that the
empirical v-f ss relation overestimates the wind speeds
from nonmonotonically expanding flux tubes, particularly when the
X-point is located at low heights and f ss is small. We
conclude that pseudostreamers produce a "hybrid" type of outflow that
is intermediate between classical slow and fast solar wind.
Title: Evidence for Two Separate but Interlaced Components of the
Chromospheric Magnetic Field
Authors: Reardon, K. P.; Wang, Y. -M.; Muglach, K.; Warren, H. P.
Bibcode: 2011ApJ...742..119R
Altcode:
Chromospheric fibrils are generally thought to trace out low-lying,
mainly horizontal magnetic fields that fan out from flux concentrations
in the photosphere. A high-resolution (~0farcs1 pixel-1)
image, taken in the core of the Ca II 854.2 nm line and covering
an unusually large area, shows the dark fibrils within an active
region remnant as fine, looplike features that are aligned parallel
to each other and have lengths comparable to a supergranular
diameter. Comparison with simultaneous line-of-sight magnetograms
confirms that the fibrils are centered above intranetwork areas
(supergranular cell interiors), with one end rooted just inside the
neighboring plage or strong unipolar network but the other endpoint
less clearly defined. Focusing on a particular arcade-like structure
lying entirely on one side of a filament channel (large-scale polarity
inversion), we find that the total amount of positive-polarity flux
underlying this "fibril arcade" is ~50 times greater than the total
amount of negative-polarity flux. Thus, if the fibrils represent closed
loops, they must consist of very weak fields (in terms of total magnetic
flux), which are interpenetrated by a more vertical field that contains
most of the flux. This surprising result suggests that the fibrils in
unipolar regions connect the network to the nearby intranetwork flux,
while the bulk of the network flux links to remote regions of the
opposite polarity, forming a second, higher canopy above the fibril
canopy. The chromospheric field near the edge of the network thus has
an interlaced structure resembling that in sunspot penumbrae.
Title: Asymmetric Sunspot Activity and the Southward Displacement
of the Heliospheric Current Sheet
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Robbrecht, E.
Bibcode: 2011ApJ...736..136W
Altcode:
Observations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) have suggested
a statistical tendency for the heliospheric current sheet (HCS)
to be shifted a few degrees southward of the heliographic equator
during the period 1965-2010, particularly in the years near sunspot
minimum. Using potential-field source-surface extrapolations and
photospheric flux-transport simulations, we demonstrate that this
southward displacement follows from Joy's law and the observed
hemispheric asymmetry in the sunspot numbers, with activity being
stronger in the southern (northern) hemisphere during the declining
(rising) phase of cycles 20-23. The hemispheric asymmetry gives rise
to an axisymmetric quadrupole field, whose equatorial zone has the
sign of the leading-polarity flux in the dominant hemisphere; during
the last four cycles, the polarity of the IMF around the equator thus
tended to match that of the north polar field both before and after
polar field reversal. However, large fluctuations are introduced by
the nonaxisymmetric field components, which depend on the longitudinal
distribution of sunspot activity in either hemisphere. Consistent
with this model, the HCS showed an average northward displacement
during cycle 19, when the "usual" alternation was reversed and
the northern hemisphere became far more active than the southern
hemisphere during the declining phase of the cycle. We propose a new
method for determining the north-south displacement of the HCS from
coronal streamer observations.
Title: Morphology, dynamics and plasma parameters of plumes and
inter-plume regions in solar coronal holes
Authors: Wilhelm, K.; Abbo, L.; Auchère, F.; Barbey, N.; Feng, L.;
Gabriel, A. H.; Giordano, S.; Imada, S.; Llebaria, A.; Matthaeus,
W. H.; Poletto, G.; Raouafi, N. -E.; Suess, S. T.; Teriaca, L.; Wang,
Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2011A&ARv..19...35W
Altcode: 2011arXiv1103.4481W
Coronal plumes, which extend from solar coronal holes (CH) into the high
corona and—possibly—into the solar wind (SW), can now continuously
be studied with modern telescopes and spectrometers on spacecraft,
in addition to investigations from the ground, in particular, during
total eclipses. Despite the large amount of data available on these
prominent features and related phenomena, many questions remained
unanswered as to their generation and relative contributions to
the high-speed streams emanating from CHs. An understanding of the
processes of plume formation and evolution requires a better knowledge
of the physical conditions at the base of CHs, in plumes and in the
surrounding inter-plume regions. More specifically, information is
needed on the magnetic field configuration, the electron densities
and temperatures, effective ion temperatures, non-thermal motions,
plume cross sections relative to the size of a CH, the plasma bulk
speeds, as well as any plume signatures in the SW. In spring 2007, the
authors proposed a study on `Structure and dynamics of coronal plumes
and inter-plume regions in solar coronal holes' to the International
Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern to clarify some of these aspects
by considering relevant observations and the extensive literature. This
review summarizes the results and conclusions of the study. Stereoscopic
observations allowed us to include three-dimensional reconstructions
of plumes. Multi-instrument investigations carried out during several
campaigns led to progress in some areas, such as plasma densities,
temperatures, plume structure and the relation to other solar phenomena,
but not all questions could be answered concerning the details of
plume generation process(es) and interaction with the SW.
Title: The Evolution of Dark Canopies Around Active Regions
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Robbrecht, E.; Muglach, K.
Bibcode: 2011ApJ...733...20W
Altcode: 2011arXiv1103.4373W
As observed in spectral lines originating from the chromosphere,
transition region, and low corona, active regions are surrounded by an
extensive "circumfacular" area which is darker than the quiet Sun. We
examine the properties of these dark moat- or canopy-like areas using Fe
IX 17.1 nm images and line-of-sight magnetograms from the Solar Dynamics
Observatory. The 17.1 nm canopies consist of fibrils (horizontal fields
containing extreme-ultraviolet-absorbing chromospheric material)
clumped into featherlike structures. The dark fibrils initially
form a quasiradial or vortical pattern as the low-lying field lines
fanning out from the emerging active region connect to surrounding
network and intranetwork elements of opposite polarity. The area
occupied by the 17.1 nm fibrils expands as supergranular convection
causes the active-region flux to spread into the background medium;
the outer boundary of the dark canopy stabilizes where the diffusing
flux encounters a unipolar region of opposite sign. The dark fibrils
tend to accumulate in regions of weak longitudinal field and to become
rooted in mixed-polarity flux. To explain the latter observation,
we note that the low-lying fibrils are more likely to interact with
small loops associated with weak, opposite-polarity flux elements
in close proximity, than with high loops anchored inside strong
unipolar network flux. As a result, the 17.1 nm fibrils gradually
become concentrated around the large-scale polarity inversion lines
(PILs), where most of the mixed-polarity flux is located. Systematic
flux cancellation, assisted by rotational shearing, removes the field
component transverse to the PIL and causes the fibrils to coalesce
into long PIL-aligned filaments.
Title: The Evolution of Dark Canopies Around Active Regions
Authors: Muglach, Karin; Wang, Y. M.; Robbrecht, E.
Bibcode: 2011SPD....42.1718M
Altcode: 2011BAAS..43S.1718M
As observed in spectral lines originating from the chromosphere,
transition region, and low corona, active regions are surrounded
by an extensive 'circumfacular' area which is darker than the quiet
Sun. We examine the properties of these dark moat- or canopy-like areas
using Fe IX 17.1 nm images and line-of-sight magnetograms from the
Solar Dynamics Observatory. The 17.1 nm canopies consist of fibrils
(horizontal fields containing EUV-absorbing chromospheric material)
clumped into featherlike structures. The dark fibrils initially
form a quasiradial or vortical pattern as the low-lying field lines
fanning out from the emerging active region connect to surrounding
network and intranetwork elements of the opposite polarity. The area
occupied by the 17.1 nm fibrils expands as supergranular convection
causes the active region flux to spread into the background medium;
the outer boundary of the dark canopy stabilizes where the diffusing
flux encounters a unipolar region of the opposite sign. The dark fibrils
tend to accumulate in regions of weak longitudinal field and to become
rooted in mixed-polarity flux. To explain the latter observation,
we note that the low-lying fibrils are more likely to interact with
small loops associated with weak, opposite-polarity flux elements
in close proximity, than with high loops anchored inside strong
unipolar network flux. As a result, the 17.1 nm fibrils gradually
become concentrated around the large-scale polarity inversion lines
(PILs), where most of the mixed-polarity flux is located. Systematic
flux cancellation, assisted by rotational shearing, removes the field
component transverse to the PIL and causes the fibrils to coalesce
into long PIL-aligned filaments.
Title: Two-temperature Models for Polar Plumes: Cooling by Means of
Strong Base Heating
Authors: Grappin, R.; Wang, Y. -M.; Pantellini, F.
Bibcode: 2011ApJ...727...30G
Altcode:
In earlier one-fluid hydrodynamical calculations incorporating heat
conduction and radiative losses, it was shown that the high densities
in polar plumes could be reproduced by including a concentrated heat
source near the plume base, in addition to the global heating required
in both the plume and interplume regions of the coronal hole. The
extra heating (attributed to interchange reconnection between the open
flux and an underlying magnetic bipole) results in lower flow speeds
and temperatures relative to the interplume gas, predictions that
have since been confirmed by spectroscopic measurements. Here, the
model is extended to the two-fluid case, in which ions and electrons
are allowed to have different temperatures, coupling is via Coulomb
collisions, and heat transport is mainly by electrons. Again, we find
that depositing energy very close to the coronal base, in either the
protons or electrons (or both), raises the densities and decreases the
flow speeds everywhere along the flux tube. The higher densities in turn
act to lower the ion temperatures by coupling the protons more closely
to the energy-losing electrons. In addition, we find that energy must
be deposited globally in both the electrons and the ions; without this
direct heating, the electrons would end up cooler in the interplume
region than in the plume, contrary to observations. Increasing the
rate of flux-tube expansion has the effect of lowering the electron
and ion temperatures and reducing the asymptotic flow speed, both
in the plume and the interplume region; the observed densities and
temperatures can be matched by taking the magnetic field to fall off
with radius roughly as r -4.
Title: Spinning Motions in Coronal Cavities
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Stenborg, G.
Bibcode: 2010ApJ...719L.181W
Altcode:
In movies made from Fe XII 19.5 nm images, coronal cavities that graze
or are detached from the solar limb appear as continually spinning
structures, with sky-plane projected flow speeds in the range 5-10
km s-1. These whirling motions often persist in the same
sense for up to several days and provide strong evidence that the
cavities and the immediately surrounding streamer material have the
form of helical flux ropes viewed along their axes. A pronounced bias
toward spin in the equatorward direction is observed during 2008. We
attribute this bias to the poleward concentration of the photospheric
magnetic flux near sunspot minimum, which leads to asymmetric heating
along large-scale coronal loops and tends to drive a flow from higher
to lower latitudes; this flow is converted into an equatorward spinning
motion when the loops pinch off to form a flux rope. As sunspot activity
increases and the polar fields weaken, we expect the preferred direction
of the spin to reverse.
Title: Observations of the magnetic field and plasma in the
heliosheath by Voyager 2 from 2007.7 to 2009.4
Authors: Burlaga, L. F.; Ness, N. F.; Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R.;
Richardson, J. D.
Bibcode: 2010JGRA..115.8107B
Altcode: 2010JGRA..11508107B
The density and temperature profiles of the plasma measured by Voyager
2 (V2) behind the termination shock changed abruptly near 2008.6
from relatively large average values and large fluctuations during
2007.7 to 2008.6 (interval A) to relatively low average values and
very small-amplitude fluctuations during 2008.6 to 2009.4 (interval
B). This paper shows that the change in the magnetic field strength B(t)
was less abrupt than the plasma changes, and the fluctuations of the
magnetic field strength in interval B were of moderate amplitude, with
indications of a quasiperiodic structure in part of the interval. The
magnetic field was directed away from the sun (positive polarity)
∼ 78% ± 5% of the time in both interval A and interval B, changing
in an irregular way from positive to negative polarities throughout
the interval. The polarity distribution indicates that the minimum
latitudinal extent of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS) was
near V2 throughout the interval, consistent with the extrapolated
minimum latitudes of the HCS computed from solar magnetic field
observations. Thus, V2 was observing magnetic fields from the southern
polar coronal hole most of the time. The distribution of B was lognormal
in interval A and Gaussian interval B.
Title: On the "Extended" Solar Cycle in Coronal Emission
Authors: Robbrecht, E.; Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Rich, N. B.
Bibcode: 2010ApJ...716..693R
Altcode:
Butterfly diagrams (latitude-time plots) of coronal emission show a
zone of enhanced brightness that appears near the poles just after
solar maximum and migrates toward lower latitudes; a bifurcation seems
to occur at sunspot minimum, with one branch continuing to migrate
equatorward with the sunspots of the new cycle and the other branch
heading back to the poles. The resulting patterns have been likened to
those seen in torsional oscillations and have been taken as evidence
for an extended solar cycle lasting over ~17 yr. In order to clarify
the nature of the overlapping bands of coronal emission, we construct
butterfly diagrams from green-line simulations covering the period
1967-2009 and from 19.5 nm and 30.4 nm observations taken with the
Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope during 1996-2009. As anticipated
from earlier studies, we find that the high-latitude enhancements mark
the footpoint areas of closed loops with one end rooted outside the
evolving boundaries of the polar coronal holes. The strong underlying
fields were built up over the declining phase of the cycle through
the poleward transport of active-region flux by the surface meridional
flow. Rather than being a precursor of the new-cycle sunspot activity
zone, the high-latitude emission forms a physically distinct, U-shaped
band that curves upward again as active-region fields emerge at
midlatitudes and reconnect with the receding polar-hole boundaries. We
conclude that the so-called extended cycle in coronal emission is a
manifestation not of early new-cycle activity, but of the poleward
concentration of old-cycle trailing-polarity flux by meridional flow.
Title: On the Relative Constancy of the Solar Wind Mass Flux at 1 AU
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2010ApJ...715L.121W
Altcode:
Employing solar wind measurements from the Advanced Composition
Explorer and Ulysses, photospheric magnetic data, and conservation
laws along open field lines, we confirm that the energy and mass flux
densities at the Sun increase roughly linearly with the footpoint
field strength, B 0. This empirical result has a number of
important physical implications. First, it supports the assumption
that the magnetic field is the source of the heating in coronal
holes. Second, because B 0 may vary by over 2 orders of
magnitude, depending on how close the footpoint is located to active
regions, the heating rate in coronal holes varies over a very wide
range, with active-region holes being characterized by much stronger
heating and much larger mass fluxes at low heights than the large,
weak-field polar holes. Third, the variation of the mass flux density
at 1 AU remains very modest because the mass flux density at the Sun
and the net flux-tube expansion both increase almost linearly with B
0, so that the two effects offset each other.
Title: The Coronal and Heliospheric 2007 May 19 Event: Coronal
Mass Ejection, Extreme Ultraviolet Imager Wave, Radio Bursts, and
Energetic Electrons
Authors: Kerdraon, A.; Pick, M.; Hoang, S.; Wang, Y. -M.; Haggerty, D.
Bibcode: 2010ApJ...715..468K
Altcode:
We study the global development of the 2007 May 19 event and investigate
the origin and the escape of the energetic electrons responsible for the
interplanetary bursts and for the solar energetic particle event. The
data analysis combines radio spectral and imaging observations with
STEREO EUV observations. We also use the direction-finding capabilities
on the Wind/Waves radio instrument. Electron acceleration and injections
into the interplanetary medium occur with some delay after the flare. It
is shown that they are related to the expansion of the coronal mass
ejection and of the extreme ultraviolet imager wave. There are two
accelerations at two different locations in the corona which correspond
to two different electron trajectories in the interplanetary medium.
Title: Formation and Evolution of Coronal Holes Following the
Emergence of Active Regions
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Robbrecht, E.; Rouillard, A. P.; Sheeley,
N. R., Jr.; Thernisien, A. F. R.
Bibcode: 2010ApJ...715...39W
Altcode:
The low level of solar activity over the past four years has provided
unusually favorable conditions for tracking the formation and evolution
of individual coronal holes and their wind streams. Employing
extreme-ultraviolet images recorded with the Solar Terrestrial
Relations Observatory during 2007-2009, we analyze three cases
in which small coronal holes first appear at the edges of newly
emerged active regions and then expand via flux transport processes,
eventually becoming attached to the polar holes. The holes form
gradually over timescales comparable to or greater than that for
the active regions to emerge, without any obvious association with
coronal mass ejections. The evolving hole areas coincide approximately
with the footpoints of open field lines derived from potential-field
source-surface extrapolations of the photospheric field. One of these
coronal-hole systems, centered at the equator and maintained by a
succession of old-cycle active regions emerging in the same longitude
range, persists in one form or another for up to two years. The other
two holes, located at midlatitudes and originating from new-cycle
active regions, become strongly sheared and decay away after a few
rotations. The hole boundaries and the small active-region holes, both
of which are sources of slow wind, are observed to undergo continual
short-term (lsim1 day) fluctuations on spatial scales comparable to
that of the supergranulation. From in situ measurements, we identify
a number of plasma sheets associated with pseudostreamers separating
holes of the same polarity.
Title: On the Weakening of the Polar Magnetic Fields during Solar
Cycle 23
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Robbrecht, E.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.
Bibcode: 2009ApJ...707.1372W
Altcode:
The Sun's polar fields are currently ~40% weaker than they were during
the previous three sunspot minima. This weakening has been accompanied
by a corresponding decrease in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)
strength, by a ~20% shrinkage in the polar coronal-hole areas, and by
a reduction in the solar-wind mass flux over the poles. It has also
been reflected in coronal streamer structure and the heliospheric
current sheet, which only showed the expected flattening into the
equatorial plane after sunspot numbers fell to unusually low values
in mid-2008. From latitude-time plots of the photospheric field,
it has long been apparent that the polar fields are formed through
the transport of trailing-polarity flux from the sunspot latitudes
to the poles. To address the question of why the polar fields are
now so weak, we simulate the evolution of the photospheric field and
radial IMF strength from 1965 to the present, employing a surface
transport model that includes the effects of active region emergence,
differential rotation, supergranular convection, and a poleward bulk
flow. We find that the observed evolution can be reproduced if the
amplitude of the surface meridional flow is varied by as little as 15%
(between 14.5 and 17 m s-1), with the higher average speeds
being required during the long cycles 20 and 23.
Title: What Is the Nature of EUV Waves? First STEREO 3D Observations
and Comparison with Theoretical Models
Authors: Patsourakos, S.; Vourlidas, A.; Wang, Y. M.; Stenborg, G.;
Thernisien, A.
Bibcode: 2009SoPh..259...49P
Altcode: 2009arXiv0905.2189P
One of the major discoveries of the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging
Telescope (EIT) on SOHO was the intensity enhancements propagating
over a large fraction of the solar surface. The physical origin(s)
of the so-called EIT waves is still strongly debated with either
wave (primarily fast-mode MHD waves) or nonwave (pseudo-wave)
interpretations. The difficulty in understanding the nature of EUV waves
lies in the limitations of the EIT observations that have been used
almost exclusively for their study. They suffer from low cadence and
single temperature and viewpoint coverage. These limitations are largely
overcome by the SECCHI/EUVI observations onboard the STEREO mission. The
EUVI telescopes provide high-cadence, simultaneous multitemperature
coverage and two well-separated viewpoints. We present here the first
detailed analysis of an EUV wave observed by the EUVI disk imagers on 7
December 2007 when the STEREO spacecraft separation was ≈ 45°. Both a
small flare and a coronal mass ejection (CME) were associated with the
wave. We also offer the first comprehensive comparison of the various
wave interpretations against the observations. Our major findings are
as follows: (1) High-cadence (2.5-minute) 171 Å images showed a strong
association between expanding loops and the wave onset and significant
differences in the wave appearance between the two STEREO viewpoints
during its early stages; these differences largely disappeared later;
(2) the wave appears at the active region periphery when an abrupt
disappearance of the expanding loops occurs within an interval of 2.5
minutes; (3) almost simultaneous images at different temperatures
showed that the wave was most visible in the 1 - 2 MK range and
almost invisible in chromospheric/transition region temperatures; (4)
triangulations of the wave indicate it was rather low lying (≈ 90
Mm above the surface); (5) forward-fitting of the corresponding CME as
seen by the COR1 coronagraphs showed that the projection of the best-fit
model on the solar surface was inconsistent with the location and size
of the co-temporal EUV wave; and (6) simulations of a fast-mode wave
were found in good agreement with the overall shape and location of the
observed wave. Our findings give significant support for a fast-mode
interpretation of EUV waves and indicate that they are probably
triggered by the rapid expansion of the loops associated with the CME.
Title: Evidence for Mixed Helicity in Erupting Filaments
Authors: Muglach, K.; Wang, Y. -M.; Kliem, B.
Bibcode: 2009ApJ...703..976M
Altcode: 2009arXiv0907.4446M
Erupting filaments are sometimes observed to undergo a rotation
about the vertical direction as they rise. This rotation of the
filament axis is generally interpreted as a conversion of twist into
writhe in a kink-unstable magnetic flux rope. Consistent with this
interpretation, the rotation is usually found to be clockwise (as viewed
from above) if the post-eruption arcade has right-handed helicity, but
counterclockwise if it has left-handed helicity. Here, we describe two
non-active-region filament events recorded with the Extreme-Ultraviolet
Imaging Telescope on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory in which
the sense of rotation appears to be opposite to that expected from
the helicity of the post-event arcade. Based on these observations,
we suggest that the rotation of the filament axis is, in general,
determined by the net helicity of the erupting system, and that the
axially aligned core of the filament can have the opposite helicity sign
to the surrounding field. In most cases, the surrounding field provides
the main contribution to the net helicity. In the events reported here,
however, the helicity associated with the filament "barbs" is opposite
in sign to and dominates that of the overlying arcade.
Title: Endpoint Brightenings in Erupting Filaments
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Muglach, K.; Kliem, B.
Bibcode: 2009ApJ...699..133W
Altcode:
Two well known phenomena associated with erupting filaments are
the transient coronal holes that form on each side of the filament
channel and the bright post-event arcade with its expanding double
row of footpoints. Here we focus on a frequently overlooked signature
of filament eruptions: the spike- or fan-shaped brightenings that
appear to mark the far endpoints of the filament. From a sample of
non-active-region filament events observed with the Extreme-Ultraviolet
Imaging Telescope on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, we find
that these brightenings usually occur near the outer edges of the
transient holes, in contrast to the post-event arcades, which define
their inner edges. The endpoints are often multiple and are rooted
in and around strong network flux well outside the filament channel,
a result that is consistent with the axial field of the filament being
much stronger than the photospheric field inside the channel. The
extreme ultraviolet brightenings, which are most intense at the
time of maximum outward acceleration of the filament, can be used to
determine unambiguously the direction of the axial field component from
longitudinal magnetograms. Their location near the outer boundary of
the transient holes suggests that we are observing the footprints of
the current sheet formed at the leading edge of the erupting filament,
as distinct from the vertical current sheet behind the filament which
is the source of the post-event arcade.
Title: Radial and solar cycle variations of the magnetic fields in
the heliosheath: Voyager 1 observations from 2005 to 2008
Authors: Burlaga, L. F.; Ness, N. F.; Acuña, M. H.; Wang, Y. -M.;
Sheeley, N. R.
Bibcode: 2009JGRA..114.6106B
Altcode: 2009JGRA..11406106B
We discuss the magnetic field strength B(t) and polarity observed by
Voyager 1 (V1) in the heliosheath at the heliographic latitude ≈34°
as it moved away from the Sun from 2005 through 2008.82 (where 2008.0
is the beginning of 1 January 2008). The pattern of the polarity of the
magnetic field changed from alternating positive and negative polarities
to predominantly negative polarities (magnetic fields pointing along
the Archimedean spiral field angle toward the Sun) at ≈2006.23). This
transition indicates that the latitudinal extent of the heliospheric
current sheet (HCS) was decreasing in the supersonic solar wind, as
expected for the declining phase of the solar cycle, and as predicted
by extrapolation of the magnetic neutral line near the photosphere to
the position of V1. However, the polarity was not uniformly negative
in during 2008, in contrast to the predicted polarity. This difference
suggests that the maximum latitudinal extent of the HCS was tending
to increase in the northern hemisphere in the heliosheath, while it
was decreasing in the supersonic solar wind. The large-scale magnetic
field strength B(t) was observed by V1 from 2005 through 2008.82. During
this interval of decreasing solar activity toward solar minimum, B(t)
at 1 AU was decreasing, and the solar wind speed V at the latitude of
V1 was increasing. Adjusting the temporal profile of B(t) observed by V1
for the solar cycle variations of B and V in the supersonic solar wind,
we find that the radial gradient of B(R) in heliosheath from the radial
distance R = 94.2 AU to 107.9 AU between 2005.0 and 2008.82 was 0.0017
nT/AU ≤ grad B ≤ 0.0055 nT/AU, or grad B = (0.0036 ± 0.0019) nT/AU.
Title: Coronal Holes and Open Magnetic Flux
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2009SSRv..144..383W
Altcode: 2008SSRv..tmp..151W
Coronal holes are low-density regions of the corona which appear dark
in X-rays and which contain “open” magnetic flux, along which
plasma escapes into the heliosphere. Like the rest of the Sun’s
large-scale field, the open flux originates in active regions but
is subsequently redistributed over the solar surface by transport
processes, eventually forming the polar coronal holes. The total open
flux and radial interplanetary field component vary roughly as the
Sun’s total dipole strength, which tends to peak a few years after
sunspot maximum. An inverse correlation exists between the rate of
flux-tube expansion in coronal holes and the solar wind speed at 1
AU. In the rapidly diverging fields present at the polar hole boundaries
and near active regions, the bulk of the heating occurs at low heights,
leading to an increase in the mass flux density at the Sun and a
decrease in the asymptotic wind speed. The quasi-rigid rotation of
coronal holes is maintained by continual footpoint exchanges between
open and closed field lines, with the reconnection taking place at
the streamer cusps. At much lower heights within the hole interiors,
“interchange reconnection” between small bipoles and the overlying
open flux also gives rise to coronal jets and polar plumes.
Title: The Structure of Streamer Blobs
Authors: Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Lee, D. D. -H.; Casto, K. P.; Wang,
Y. -M.; Rich, N. B.
Bibcode: 2009ApJ...694.1471S
Altcode:
We have used Sun-Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation
observations obtained from the STEREO A and B spacecraft to study
complementary face-on and edge-on views of coronal streamers. The
face-on views are analogous to what one might see looking down on a flat
equatorial streamer belt at sunspot minimum, and show streamer blobs
as diffuse arches gradually expanding outward from the Sun. With the
passage of time, the legs of the arches fade, and the ejections appear
as a series of azimuthal structures like ripples on a pond. The arched
topology is similar to that obtained in face-on views of streamer
disconnection events (including in/out pairs and streamer blowout
mass ejections), and suggests that streamer blobs have the helical
structure of magnetic flux ropes.
Title: Time-dependent hydrodynamical simulations of slow solar wind,
coronal inflows, and polar plumes
Authors: Pinto, R.; Grappin, R.; Wang, Y. -M.; Léorat, J.
Bibcode: 2009A&A...497..537P
Altcode:
Aims: We explore the effects of varying the areal expansion rate and
coronal heating function on the solar wind flow.
Methods: We use a
one-dimensional, time-dependent hydrodynamical code. The computational
domain extends from near the photosphere, where nonreflecting boundary
conditions are applied, to 30 R_⊙, and includes a transition region
where heat conduction and radiative losses dominate.
Results:
We confirm that the observed inverse relationship between asymptotic
wind speed and expansion factor is obtained if the coronal heating
rate is a function of the local magnetic field strength. We show
that inflows can be generated by suddenly increasing the rate of
flux-tube expansion and suggest that this process may be involved in
the closing-down of flux at coronal hole boundaries. We also simulate
the formation and decay of a polar plume, by including an additional,
time-dependent heating source near the base of the flux tube.
Title: Understanding the Geomagnetic Precursor of the Solar Cycle
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R.
Bibcode: 2009ApJ...694L..11W
Altcode:
Geomagnetic activity late in the sunspot cycle has been used
successfully to forecast the amplitude of the following cycle. This
success is somewhat surprising, however, because the recurrent
high-speed wind streams that trigger the activity are not proxies of
the Sun's polar fields, whose strength is a critical factor in many
solar dynamo models. Instead, recurrent geomagnetic activity signals
increases in the Sun's equatorial dipole moment, which decays on the
~1-2 yr timescale of the surface meridional flow and does not survive
into the next cycle. In accordance with the original empirical method
of Ohl, we therefore argue that solar cycle predictions should be based
on the minimum level of geomagnetic activity, which is determined by
the Sun's axial dipole strength, not on the peak activity during the
declining phase of the cycle. On physical grounds, we suggest that
an even better indicator would be the total open flux (or strength of
the radial interplanetary field component) at sunspot minimum, which
in turn can be derived from the historical aa index by removing the
contribution of the solar wind speed. This predictor yields a peak
yearly sunspot number R max = 97 ± 25 for solar cycle 24.
Title: Slow Solar Wind from Open Regions with Strong Low-Coronal
Heating
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Ko, Y. -K.; Grappin, R.
Bibcode: 2009ApJ...691..760W
Altcode:
By comparing solar wind data taken by the Advanced Composition Explorer
during 1998-2007 with extrapolations of the observed photospheric
magnetic field, we verify that high O7+/O6+
and Fe/O ratios are associated with low wind speeds, large expansion
factors, strong footpoint fields, and high mass and energy flux
densities at the coronal base. As demonstrated by model calculations,
these correlations are consistent with the idea that the bulk of the
slow wind originates from regions of rapidly diverging open flux, where
the coronal heating is concentrated at low heights. We identify two main
components of the slow wind, one emanating from small coronal holes near
active regions and characterized by particularly strong low-coronal
heating, the other coming from just inside the polar-hole boundaries
and characterized by weaker low-coronal heating and intermediate
O7+/O6+ and Fe/O ratios.
Title: Coronal Holes and Open Magnetic Flux
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2009odsm.book..383W
Altcode:
Coronal holes are low-density regions of the corona which appear
dark in X-rays and which contain "open" magnetic flux, along which
plasma escapes into the heliosphere. Like the rest of the Sun's
large-scale field, the open flux originates in active regions but
is subsequently redistributed over the solar surface by transport
processes, eventually forming the polar coronal holes. The total open
flux and radial interplanetary field component vary roughly as the Sun's
total dipole strength, which tends to peak a few years after sunspot
maximum. An inverse correlation exists between the rate of flux-tube
expansion in coronal holes and the solar wind speed at 1 AU. In the
rapidly diverging fields present at the polar hole boundaries and
near active regions, the bulk of the heating occurs at low heights,
leading to an increase in the mass flux density at the Sun and a
decrease in the asymptotic wind speed. The quasi-rigid rotation of
coronal holes is maintained by continual footpoint exchanges between
open and closed field lines, with the reconnection taking place at
the streamer cusps. At much lower heights within the hole interiors,
"interchange reconnection" between small bipoles and the overlying
open flux also gives rise to coronal jets and polar plumes.
Title: Hydrodynamical Simulations of Slow Coronal Wind, Coronal
Inflows and Polar Plumes
Authors: Pinto, R.; Grappin, R.; Wang, Y. -M.; Léorat, J.
Bibcode: 2008sf2a.conf..565P
Altcode:
We use a hydrodynamical time-dependent coronal flux tube model
extending from ∼ 1 R_⊙, where nonreflecting boundary conditions
are applied, to 30 R_⊙, which includes a transition region sustained
by the equilibrium between thermal conduction, radiative losses and a
prescribed mechanical heating flux. We recover the observed inverse
relationship between asymptotic wind speed and expansion factor if
the coronal heating rate is a function of the local magnetic field
strength. We show that inflows can be generated by suddenly increasing
the rate of flux-tube expansion, and suggest that this process may be
involved in the closing-down of flux at coronal hole boundaries. We
also simulate the formation and decay of a polar plume, by including
an additional, time-dependent heating source near the base of the
flux tube.
Title: Relating the Solar Wind Helium Abundance to the Coronal
Magnetic Field
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2008ApJ...683..499W
Altcode:
We analyze the long-term variation of the solar wind helium abundance,
both in and out of the ecliptic, using stackplot displays to compare
these in situ observations with derived coronal parameters. The
coronal source regions are identified and their magnetic properties
characterized by applying a current-free extrapolation, with source
surface located at heliocentric distance r = 2.5 R⊙,
to magnetograph measurements. The density ratio AHe
of α-particles to protons is found to correlate best with the
source-surface field strength Bss, which tends to be enhanced
in high-speed flows and in the slow wind at sunspot maximum, but to be
weak in the low-speed wind that originates from the polar coronal-hole
boundaries around sunspot minimum. A much weaker correlation exists
between AHe and the proton flux density at the source
surface. These results are consistent with acceleration of the
α-particles by ion cyclotron resonance in the outer corona. However,
we are unable to explain why the helium abundance was depressed in the
recurrent high-speed streams observed in the ecliptic during 1999-2000
and 2003-2004.
Title: Observations of Low-Latitude Coronal Plumes
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Muglach, K.
Bibcode: 2008SoPh..249...17W
Altcode: 2008SoPh..tmp...71W
Using Fe IX/X 17.1 nm observations from the Extreme-Ultraviolet
Imaging Telescope (EIT) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
(SOHO), we have identified many coronal plumes inside low-latitude
coronal holes as they transited the solar limb during the late
declining phase of cycle 23. These diffuse, linear features appear
to be completely analogous to the familiar polar plumes. By tracking
them as they rotate from the limb onto the disk (or vice versa),
we confirm that EUV plumes seen against the disk appear as faint,
diffuse blobs of emission surrounding a brighter core. When the EIT
images are compared with near-simultaneous magnetograms from the SOHO
Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), the low-latitude, on-disk plumes are
found to overlie regions of mixed polarity, where small bipoles are in
contact with unipolar flux concentrations inside the coronal hole. The
birth and decay of the plumes are shown to be closely related to the
emergence of ephemeral regions, their dispersal in the supergranular
flow field, and the cancellation of the minority-polarity flux against
the dominant-polarity network elements. In addition to the faint polar
and nonpolar plumes associated with ephemeral regions, we note the
existence of two topologically similar coronal structures: the giant
plume-like features that occur above active regions inside coronal
holes, and the even larger scale "pseudostreamers" that separate
coronal holes of the same polarity. In all three cases, the basic
structure consists of open field lines of a given polarity overlying
a photospheric region of the opposite polarity; ongoing interchange
reconnection at the X-point separating the open field domains from
the underlying double-arcade system appears to result in the steady
evaporation of material from the closed into the open region.
Title: Heliospheric Images of the Solar Wind at Earth
Authors: Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Herbst, A. D.; Palatchi, C. A.; Wang,
Y. -M.; Howard, R. A.; Moses, J. D.; Vourlidas, A.; Newmark, J. S.;
Socker, D. G.; Plunkett, S. P.; Korendyke, C. M.; Burlaga, L. F.;
Davila, J. M.; Thompson, W. T.; St. Cyr, O. C.; Harrison, R. A.;
Davis, C. J.; Eyles, C. J.; Halain, J. P.; Wang, D.; Rich, N. B.;
Battams, K.; Esfandiari, E.; Stenborg, G.
Bibcode: 2008ApJ...675..853S
Altcode:
During relatively quiet solar conditions throughout the spring and
summer of 2007, the SECCHI HI2 white-light telescope on the STEREO
B solar-orbiting spacecraft observed a succession of wave fronts
sweeping past Earth. We have compared these heliospheric images with
in situ plasma and magnetic field measurements obtained by near-Earth
spacecraft, and we have found a near perfect association between the
occurrence of these waves and the arrival of density enhancements
at the leading edges of high-speed solar wind streams. Virtually
all of the strong corotating interaction regions are accompanied by
large-scale waves, and the low-density regions between them lack such
waves. Because the Sun was dominated by long-lived coronal holes and
recurrent solar wind streams during this interval, there is little
doubt that we have been observing the compression regions that are
formed at low latitude as solar rotation causes the high-speed wind
from coronal holes to run into lower speed wind ahead of it.
Title: SECCHI Observations of the Sun's Garden-Hose Density Spiral
Authors: Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Herbst, A. D.; Palatchi, C. A.; Wang,
Y. -M.; Howard, R. A.; Moses, J. D.; Vourlidas, A.; Newmark, J. S.;
Socker, D. G.; Plunkett, S. P.; Korendyke, C. M.; Burlaga, L. F.;
Davila, J. M.; Thompson, W. T.; St. Cyr, O. C.; Harrison, R. A.;
Davis, C. J.; Eyles, C. J.; Halain, J. P.; Wang, D.; Rich, N. B.;
Battams, K.; Esfandiari, E.; Stenborg, G.
Bibcode: 2008ApJ...674L.109S
Altcode:
The SECCHI HI2 white-light imagers on the STEREO A and B spacecraft
show systematically different proper motions of material moving outward
from the Sun in front of high-speed solar wind streams from coronal
holes. As a group of ejections enters the eastern (A) field of view,
the elements at the rear of the group appear to overrun the elements
at the front. (This is a projection effect and does not mean that the
different elements actually merge.) The opposite is true in the western
(B) field; the elements at the front of the group appear to run away
from the elements at the rear. Elongation/time maps show this effect
as a characteristic grouping of the tracks of motion into convergent
patterns in the east and divergent patterns in the west, consistent
with ejections from a single longitude on the rotating Sun. Evidently,
we are observing segments of the "garden-hose" spiral made visible
when fast wind from a low-latitude coronal hole compresses blobs of
streamer material being shed at the leading edge of the hole.
Title: Global structure and dynamics of large-scale fluctuations in
the solar wind: Voyager 2 observations during 2005 and 2006
Authors: Burlaga, L. F.; Ness, N. F.; Acũna, M. H.; Wang, Y. -M.;
Sheeley, N. R.; Wang, C.; Richardson, J. D.
Bibcode: 2008JGRA..113.2104B
Altcode:
The Voyager 2 (V2) observations of daily averages of the solar
wind during 2005 and 2006 from 75.3 AU to 81.6 AU between ~25.7°S
and 27.1°S show both a step-like trend in the speed V(t) and
``large-scale fluctuations'' of the magnetic field strength B, speed
V, density N and temperature T. The distribution functions of B,
N, and NV2 observed by V2 are lognormal and that of V
is approximately Gaussian. We introduce a method for specifying
the boundary conditions at all latitudes (except near the poles)
on a Sun-centered surface of radius of 1 AU, based on solar magnetic
field observations. This paper uses only the boundary conditions at
the latitude of V2 and a 1-D time-dependent MHD model to calculate
the radial evolution of the large-scale fluctuations of B(t), V(t)
and N(t) at distances between 1 and 90 AU. This model explains the
V2 observations of a lognormal distribution of B and the Gaussian
distribution of V, but not the observed lognormal distributions of
N and NV2. The lognormal distribution of B observed by V2
was produced primarily by dynamical processes beyond 1 AU.
Title: A Streamer Ejection with Reconnection Close to the Sun
Authors: Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Warren, H. P.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2007ApJ...671..926S
Altcode:
We previously described coronal events that expand gradually outward
over an interval of 1-2 days and then suddenly tear apart in the
coronagraph's 2-6 Rsolar field of view to form an outgoing
flux rope and an inward system of collapsing loops. Now, we combine
LASCO white-light images of the outer corona with spectrally resolved
EIT images of the inner corona to describe a similar event for which the
separation occurs closer to the Sun. The evolution of this 2006 July
1-2 event had four phases: (1) an expansion phase in which magnetic
loops rise slowly upward and increase the amount of open flux in the
adjacent polar coronal hole and in the low-latitude hole of opposite
polarity; (2) a stretching phase in which the legs of the rising
loops pinch together to form a current sheet; (3) a transition phase
in which field line reconnection produces an outgoing flux rope and a
hot cusp of new loops; and (4) an end phase in which the reconnected
loops become visible at lower temperatures, and the outgoing flux rope
plows through the slow material ahead of it to form a traveling bow
wave. During this time, the photospheric field was relatively weak and
unchanging, as if the eruption had a nonmagnetic origin. We suppose
that coronal heating gradually overpowers magnetic tension and causes
the streamer to separate into a system of collapsing loops and a flux
rope that is carried outward in the solar wind.
Title: Instability of P-waves just below the transition region in
a global solar wind simulation
Authors: Grappin, R.; Léorat, J.; Pinto, R.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2007arXiv0710.0899G
Altcode:
We investigate how wave propagation is modified by the presence
of heat sources and sinks, in the simple 1D, hydrodynamical case,
including chromosphere and solar wind. We integrate the time-dependent
hydrodynamic equations of the solar wind with spherical symmetry,
including conduction, radiative cooling and a prescribed mechanical
heat flux. Once a quasi-stationary wind is established, we study the
response of the system to pressure oscillations at the photospheric
boundary. We use transparent boundary conditions. We find that
wavepackets with high enough amplitude propagating upward from the
photosphere implode just below the transition region. This implosion
is due to the radiative cooling term generating pressure holes close
to the wave crests of the wave, which make the wave collapse. In the
case where heat sources and sinks are not present in the equations,
the wave remains stable whatever the initial wave amplitude, which is
compatible with published work. Instability should be observable when
and where the TR is high enough above the optically thick regions.
Title: On the Formation of Filament Channels
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Muglach, K.
Bibcode: 2007ApJ...666.1284W
Altcode:
From the Hα archive of the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) we
have selected three examples showing fibril structures that change
their orientation, over 1 or 2 days, from nearly perpendicular to
nearly parallel to the polarity inversion line (PIL). In one case,
the filament channel forms within a single decaying bipole; in the
other two cases, it forms along the boundary between an active
region and its surroundings. Comparing the Hα filtergrams with
magnetograms from the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), we find that
the fibrils become aligned with the PIL as supergranular convection
brings opposite-polarity magnetic flux together; shearing motions
along the PIL, when present, act mainly to accelerate the rate of
diffusive annihilation. We conclude that the reorientation of the
fibrils is due to the cancellation and submergence of the transverse
field component (B⊥), leaving behind the preexisting axial
field component (B∥). The latter may have been generated
by photospheric differential rotation over longer timescales, or
else was already present when the flux emerged. The filament channel
forms slowly if B∥/B⊥ is initially small,
as along the internal neutral line of a newly emerged bipole, but
may appear within hours if this ratio is initially substantial,
as where the dipole-like loops of an active region curve around its
periphery. In all of our examples, filaments form within a day or so
after the fibrils become aligned with the PIL, while barbs appear at
a later stage, as flux elements continue to diffuse across the PIL
and cancel with the majority-polarity flux on the other side.
Title: The Solar Eclipse of 2006 and the Origin of Raylike Features
in the White-Light Corona
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Biersteker, J. B.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.;
Koutchmy, S.; Mouette, J.; Druckmüller, M.
Bibcode: 2007ApJ...660..882W
Altcode:
Solar eclipse observations have long suggested that the white-light
corona is permeated by long fine rays. By comparing photographs of
the 2006 March 29 total eclipse with current-free extrapolations of
photospheric field measurements and with images from the Solar and
Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), we deduce that the bulk of these
linear features fall into three categories: (1) polar and low-latitude
plumes that overlie small magnetic bipoles inside coronal holes,
(2) helmet streamer rays that overlie large loop arcades and separate
coronal holes of opposite polarity, and (3) ``pseudostreamer'' rays
that overlie twin loop arcades and separate coronal holes of the
same polarity. The helmet streamer rays extend outward to form the
plasma sheet component of the slow solar wind, while the plumes and
pseudostreamers contribute to the fast solar wind. In all three cases,
the rays are formed by magnetic reconnection between closed coronal
loops and adjacent open field lines. Although seemingly ubiquitous
when seen projected against the sky plane, the rays are in fact rooted
inside or along the boundaries of coronal holes.
Title: Coronal Pseudostreamers
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Rich, N. B.
Bibcode: 2007ApJ...658.1340W
Altcode:
In a recent study of the 2006 solar eclipse, we noted that there are
two kinds of coronal streamers: ``helmet streamers,'' which separate
coronal holes of opposite magnetic polarity, and ``pseudostreamers,''
which overlie twin loop arcades and separate holes of the same
polarity. It is well known that the heliospheric plasma and current
sheets represent the outward extension of helmet streamers. Using
white-light data from the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph
(LASCO), we here show that pseudostreamers likewise have plasma sheet
extensions, across which the polarity does not reverse; these multiple
sheets contribute significantly to the brightness of the K corona,
although their internal densities tend to be lower than those in
the heliospheric plasma sheet. We use current-free extrapolations of
photospheric field measurements to simulate the observed brightness
patterns in the outer corona, including the contributions of both
helmet streamer and pseudostreamer plasma sheets. Running-difference
images show that pseudostreamers are relatively quiescent, resembling
large-scale plumes; preliminary analysis suggests flow speeds as
high as 200 km s-1 at heliocentric distances of only ~3
Rsolar, supporting the prediction (based on their low
flux tube divergence rates) that pseudostreamers are sources of fast
solar wind.
Title: In/Out Pairs and the Detachment of Coronal Streamers
Authors: Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2007ApJ...655.1142S
Altcode:
We previously described coronal events that originate in the 2-6
Rsolar field of view of the LASCO white-light coronagraph
and involve the simultaneous ejection of material inward toward the
Sun and outward away from it. Now, in a study of more than 160 in/out
pairs, we have found that these features are density enhancements at
the leading and trailing edges of depletions that occur when slowly
rising coronal structures separate from the Sun. The outward component
is shaped like a large arch with both ends attached to the Sun, and the
inward component is often resolved into loops. We also found about 60
additional events in which the outward components began near the edge of
the occulting disk and inward components were not visible, as if these
events were in/out pairs that originated below the 2 Rsolar
radius of the occulting disk. We conclude that in/out pairs belong to a
broad class of streamer detachments, which include ``streamer blowout''
coronal mass ejections, and we suppose that all of these events occur
when rising magnetic loops reconnect to produce an outgoing helical
flux rope and an ingoing arcade of collapsing loops.
Title: Sources of the Solar Wind at Ulysses during 1990-2006
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.
Bibcode: 2006ApJ...653..708W
Altcode:
The Ulysses spacecraft is now well into its third polar orbit around
the Sun. Using stackplot displays, we summarize the wind speeds and
interplanetary sector polarities recorded by Ulysses since its launch
in 1990 and relate the observed patterns to the global evolution of
open magnetic regions (coronal holes) over the solar cycle. We verify
that the wind speeds are inversely correlated with the rate of flux-tube
divergence in the corona, as derived from a current-free extrapolation
of the measured photospheric field. We identify the source of each of
the long-lived, high-speed streams encountered by Ulysses and discuss
their formation, evolution, and rotational properties.
Title: Observations of Flux Rope Formation in the Outer Corona
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.
Bibcode: 2006ApJ...650.1172W
Altcode:
In previous studies employing the Large Angle and Spectrometric
Coronagraph (LASCO), we identified a class of white-light ejections
that separate into incoming and outgoing components at distances of
~3-5 Rsolar from Sun center. These events, of which up to
several per month are observed during high solar activity, are generally
preceded by a gradual outward expansion of faint loops over a period
of a day or more. The expansion terminates when the streamer material,
in the form of an elongated stalk or a sheetlike structure, suddenly
tears apart. The collapsing material is sometimes recognizable as a
collection of loops, while the ejected component is usually poorly
resolved. Here we describe a streamer detachment observed on 2005
December 11, in which the outgoing component can be clearly identified
as a cylindrical flux rope with its ends anchored in the Sun. Based
on simple three-dimensional white-light reconstructions, we conclude
that in/out pairs in general represent the pinching off of streamer
loop arcades to form flux ropes, as seen from different viewing angles.
Title: Solar Source Regions for 3He-rich Solar Energetic
Particle Events Identified Using Imaging Radio, Optical, and Energetic
Particle Observations
Authors: Pick, M.; Mason, G. M.; Wang, Y. -M.; Tan, C.; Wang, L.
Bibcode: 2006ApJ...648.1247P
Altcode:
We have identified the sources of six impulsive 3He-rich
solar energetic particle events using imaging radio, optical, and
energetic ion and electron data, together with calculated coronal fields
obtained from extrapolating photospheric magnetograms using a potential
field source surface (PFSS) model. These events were all studied in
2006 by Wang et al., who identified the particle sources as typically
small, flaring active regions lying next to a coronal hole containing
Earth-directed open field lines, located between W33° and W65°. By
introducing radio imaging data we were able in one case to conclusively
identify which of two simultaneous EUV jets was associated with the
particle source. In addition, type III radio burst and energetic
electron data introduced in this study constrain the injection times
much more accurately than possible with low-energy ion data used in
Wang et al. These new observations confirm the source identifications of
Wang et al. and remove many of the remaining uncertainties. All of these
events were associated with narrow, fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs),
which are unusual for 3He-rich solar energetic particle (SEP)
events. Although the CMEs generally were ejected in directions well off
the ecliptic plane, the PFSS calculations show the presence of magnetic
field lines that made it possible for the energetic particle to quickly
reach Earth. Some of these impulsive events were observed during periods
in which 3He was observed continuously over several days.
Title: Role of the Sun's Nonaxisymmetric Open Flux in Cosmic-Ray
Modulation
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Rouillard, A. P.
Bibcode: 2006ApJ...644..638W
Altcode:
We reexamine the empirical relationship between the Sun's open magnetic
flux and the cosmic-ray (CR) intensity over the solar cycle. The
single parameter that correlates best with the inverted CR rate is
found to be the nonaxisymmetric or longitudinally varying component
of the total open flux, rather than the sunspot number or the rate
of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The nonaxisymmetric open flux in
turn tracks the evolution of the Sun's equatorial dipole component,
which is a function of both the strength and the longitudinal
distribution of sunspot activity. Year-long peaks in the equatorial
dipole strength coincide with steplike decreases in the CR intensity
and with the formation of global merged interaction regions (GMIRs)
in the outer heliosphere. During these periods, nonaxisymmetric open
flux (in the form of low-latitude coronal holes) is created through the
organized emergence of large active regions, resulting in the global
injection of magnetic energy into the heliosphere. At the same time,
strengthenings of the equatorial dipole are generally accompanied
by large increases in the number of fast CMEs. Rotationally induced,
compressional interactions between the nonaxisymmetric open flux, fast
CMEs, and high-speed streams then give rise to outward-propagating
diffusive barriers that extend over all longitudes and to a latitude
(>~45°) again determined by the equatorial dipole strength.
Title: Time-dependent simulations of solar wind including the
transition region
Authors: Grappin, R.; Léorat, J.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2006sf2a.conf..543G
Altcode:
A low resolution 1D numerical model of the solar wind including the
transition region and a part of the low, cold solar atmosphere is
proposed. It is meant as a first step toward multidimensional modeling
of wave transfer through the transition region and subsequent heating
and acceleration of the corona and wind.
Title: Solar physics: Back to the next solar cycle
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R.
Bibcode: 2006NatPh...2..367W
Altcode:
Many solar physicists expect the peak sunspot activity during the
next solar cycle to be at its weakest in almost a century. A recent
prediction to the contrary could turn this prevailing wisdom on
its head.
Title: The Pre-CME Sun
Authors: Gopalswamy, N.; Mikić, Z.; Maia, D.; Alexander, D.; Cremades,
H.; Kaufmann, P.; Tripathi, D.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2006SSRv..123..303G
Altcode: 2006SSRv..tmp...77G
The coronal mass ejection (CME) phenomenon occurs in closed magnetic
field regions on the Sun such as active regions, filament regions,
transequatorial interconnection regions, and complexes involving a
combination of these. This chapter describes the current knowledge
on these closed field structures and how they lead to CMEs. After
describing the specific magnetic structures observed in the CME source
region, we compare the substructures of CMEs to what is observed before
eruption. Evolution of the closed magnetic structures in response to
various photospheric motions over different time scales (convection,
differential rotation, meridional circulation) somehow leads to the
eruption. We describe this pre-eruption evolution and attempt to link
them to the observed features of CMEs. Small-scale energetic signatures
in the form of electron acceleration (signified by nonthermal radio
bursts at metric wavelengths) and plasma heating (observed as compact
soft X-ray brightening) may be indicative of impending CMEs. We survey
these pre-eruptive energy releases using observations taken before
and during the eruption of several CMEs. Finally, we discuss how the
observations can be converted into useful inputs to numerical models
that can describe the CME initiation.
Title: Coronal Observations of CMEs. Report of Working Group A
Authors: Schwenn, R.; Raymond, J. C.; Alexander, D.; Ciaravella, A.;
Gopalswamy, N.; Howard, R.; Hudson, H.; Kaufmann, P.; Klassen, A.;
Maia, D.; Munoz-Martinez, G.; Pick, M.; Reiner, M.; Srivastava, N.;
Tripathi, D.; Vourlidas, A.; Wang, Y. -M.; Zhang, J.
Bibcode: 2006SSRv..123..127S
Altcode: 2006SSRv..tmp...58S
CMEs have been observed for over 30 years with a wide variety of
instruments. It is now possible to derive detailed and quantitative
information on CME morphology, velocity, acceleration and mass. Flares
associated with CMEs are observed in X-rays, and several different
radio signatures are also seen. Optical and UV spectra of CMEs both on
the disk and at the limb provide velocities along the line of sight
and diagnostics for temperature, density and composition. From the
vast quantity of data we attempt to synthesize the current state of
knowledge of the properties of CMEs, along with some specific observed
characteristics that illuminate the physical processes occurring during
CME eruption. These include the common three-part structures of CMEs,
which is generally attributed to compressed material at the leading
edge, a low-density magnetic bubble and dense prominence gas. Signatures
of shock waves are seen, but the location of these shocks relative
to the other structures and the occurrence rate at the heights where
Solar Energetic Particles are produced remains controversial. The
relationships among CMEs, Moreton waves, EIT waves, and EUV dimming
are also cloudy. The close connection between CMEs and flares suggests
that magnetic reconnection plays an important role in CME eruption
and evolution. We discuss the evidence for reconnection in current
sheets from white-light, X-ray, radio and UV observations. Finally, we
summarize the requirements for future instrumentation that might answer
the outstanding questions and the opportunities that new space-based
and ground-based observatories will provide in the future.
Title: Coronal Holes, Jets, and the Origin of 3He-rich
Particle Events
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Pick, M.; Mason, G. M.
Bibcode: 2006ApJ...639..495W
Altcode:
Using magnetograph measurements, coronal field extrapolations,
and imaging observations, we investigate the solar origins of 25
3He-rich particle events from the period 1997-2003. In
essentially every case we find that the source of the impulsive solar
energetic particles (SEPs) lies next to a coronal hole containing
Earth-directed open field lines. Averaged over all events, the
source-hole separation is only ~4° at the photosphere. The source
itself is typically a small, flaring active region located between
longitudes ~W25 and ~W72. Around the estimated particle injection
time, EUV images often show a jetlike ejection aligned with the open
field lines. In some cases, a corresponding white-light jet is seen
at heliocentric distances >~2 Rsolar, similar to those
studied earlier by Wang & Sheeley. The jets show a tendency to
recur, a behavior that is reflected in the time variation of the
measured 3He and Fe particle intensities. We interpret the
jets as signatures of magnetic reconnection (``footpoint exchange'')
between closed and open field lines. On the basis of these findings,
we expect 3He enrichments to be observed whenever
Earth-connected open field lines undergo footpoint exchanges with
nearby active or ephemeral region fields. Because small bipoles
emerge continually inside coronal holes, moderate enhancements in
the 3He level can occur even when no significant flaring
activity is recorded.
Title: Coronal Observations of CMEs
Authors: Schwenn, R.; Raymond, J. C.; Alexander, D.; Ciaravella, A.;
Gopalswamy, N.; Howard, R.; Hudson, H.; Kaufmann, P.; Klassen, A.;
Maia, D.; Munoz-Martinez, G.; Pick, M.; Reiner, M.; Srivastava, N.;
Tripathi, D.; Vourlidas, A.; Wang, Y. -M.; Zhang, J.
Bibcode: 2006cme..book..127S
Altcode:
CMEs have been observed for over 30 years with a wide variety of
instruments. It is now possible to derive detailed and quantitative
information on CME morphology, velocity, acceleration and mass. Flares
associated with CMEs are observed in X-rays, and several different
radio signatures are also seen. Optical and UV spectra of CMEs both on
the disk and at the limb provide velocities along the line of sight
and diagnostics for temperature, density and composition. From the
vast quantity of data we attempt to synthesize the current state of
knowledge of the properties of CMEs, along with some specific observed
characteristics that illuminate the physical processes occurring during
CME eruption. These include the common three-part structures of CMEs,
which is generally attributed to compressed material at the leading
edge, a low-density magnetic bubble and dense prominence gas. Signatures
of shock waves are seen, but the location of these shocks relative
to the other structures and the occurrence rate at the heights where
Solar Energetic Particles are produced remains controversial. The
relationships among CMEs, Moreton waves, EIT waves, and EUV dimming
are also cloudy. The close connection between CMEs and flares suggests
that magnetic reconnection plays an important role in CME eruption
and evolution. We discuss the evidence for reconnection in current
sheets from white-light, X-ray, radio and UV observations. Finally, we
summarize the requirements for future instrumentation that might answer
the outstanding questions and the opportunities that new space-based
and ground-based observatories will provide in the future.
Title: Origin of impulsive 3He-rich particle events
Authors: Tan, C.; Pick, M.; Wang, Y. -M.; Mason, G.; Wang, L.
Bibcode: 2006cosp...36.1517T
Altcode: 2006cosp.meet.1517T
Using EUV white light radio observations and coronal magnetic field
extrapolations we studied the origin of solar impulsive accelerated
electrons and 3He rich events SEP These events generated type III radio
bursts in the corona and the interplanetary medium and were associated
with CMEs We showed that for these events the electron acceleration
takes place during the early development of CMEs We illustrated our
results in some cases and discuss the interpretation
Title: Consequence of a shock propagating in a preceding magnetic
cloud in aspect of SEP flux
Authors: Shen, C. L.; Wang, Y. M.; Ye, P. Z.; Wang, S.
Bibcode: 2006cosp...36.1948S
Altcode: 2006cosp.meet.1948S
Five definite cases of a shock propagating in an interplanetary magnetic
cloud MC are reported to study possible consequences signatures of
such phenomena in aspect of the SEP flux based on the magnetic field
and solar wind plasma data from the ACE spacecraft and the integral
high energy proton flux data from the GOES spacecraft Enhancement
of SEP fluxes starting at the MC front boundary and ending at the MC
rear boundary is found in two of the five cases the Nov 5-6 2001 event
and Nov 7-8 1998 event This is very different from the observations
of isolated MCs in which the energetic particle fluxes are usually
depressed The increments of the magnetic field strength and the solar
wind speed at the shocks suggest that the shocks embedded in these
two SEP-rich MCs are stronger than the shocks embedded in the other
three MCs All these results imply that a shock propagating into an
MC might make the SEP flux increase in the MC and the significance of
such a SEP enhancement depends on the strength of the embedded shock
This is consistent with the traditional view of point that MCs are a
kind of independent and relatively closed magnetic structure in the
interplanetary space the particles inside MCs are difficult to escape
and vice versa
Title: The Dependence of Characteristic Times of Gradual SEP Events
on Their Associated CME Properties
Authors: Pan, Z. H.; Wang, C. B.; Xue, X. H.; Wang, Y. M.
Bibcode: 2006cosp...36.1943P
Altcode: 2006cosp.meet.1943P
It is generally believed that coronal mass ejections CMEs are the
drivers of shocks that accelerate gradual solar energetic particles
SEPs One might expect that the characteristics of the SEP intensity
time profiles observed at 1 AU are determined by properties of
the associated CMEs such as the radial speed and the angular width
Recently Kahler statistically investigated the characteristic times
of gradual SEP events observed from 1998-2002 and their associated
coronal mass ejection properties Astrophys J 628 1014--1022 2005 Three
characteristic times of gradual SEP events are determined as functions
of solar source longitude 1 T 0 the time from associated CME launch
to SEP onset at 1 AU 2 T R the rise time from SEP onset to the time
when the SEP intensity is a factor of 2 below peak intensity and 3 T
D the duration over which the SEP intensity is within a factor of 2
of the peak intensity However in his study the CME speeds and angular
widths are directly taken from the LASCO CME catalog In this study
we analyze the radial speeds and the angular widths of CMEs by an
ice-cream cone model and re-investigate their correlationships with the
characteristic times of the corresponding SEP events We find T R and T
D are significantly correlated with radial speed for SEP events in the
best-connected longitude range and there is no correlation between T 0
and CME radial speed and angular width which is consistent with Kahler
s results On the other hand it s found that T R and T D are also have
Title: The Pre-CME Sun
Authors: Gopalswamy, N.; Mikić, Z.; Maia, D.; Alexander, D.; Cremades,
H.; Kaufmann, P.; Tripathi, D.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2006cme..book..303G
Altcode:
The coronal mass ejection (CME) phenomenon occurs in closed magnetic
field regions on the Sun such as active regions, filament regions,
transequatorial interconnection regions, and complexes involving a
combination of these. This chapter describes the current knowledge
on these closed field structures and how they lead to CMEs. After
describing the specific magnetic structures observed in the CME source
region, we compare the substructures of CMEs to what is observed before
eruption. Evolution of the closed magnetic structures in response to
various photospheric motions over different time scales (convection,
differential rotation, meridional circulation) somehow leads to the
eruption. We describe this pre-eruption evolution and attempt to link
them to the observed features of CMEs. Small-scale energetic signatures
in the form of electron acceleration (signified by nonthermal radio
bursts at metric wavelengths) and plasma heating (observed as compact
soft X-ray brightening) may be indicative of impending CMEs. We survey
these pre-eruptive energy releases using observations taken before
and during the eruption of several CMEs. Finally, we discuss how the
observations can be converted into useful inputs to numerical models
that can describe the CME initiation.
Title: Modeling the Sun's Magnetic Field and Irradiance since 1713
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Lean, J. L.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.
Bibcode: 2005ApJ...625..522W
Altcode:
We use a flux transport model to simulate the evolution of the
Sun's total and open magnetic flux over the last 26 solar cycles
(1713-1996). Polar field reversals are maintained by varying the
meridional flow speed between 11 and 20 m s-1, with the
poleward-directed surface flow being slower during low-amplitude
cycles. If the strengths of the active regions are fixed but their
numbers are taken to be proportional to the cycle amplitude, the
open flux is found to scale approximately as the square root of the
cycle amplitude. However, the scaling becomes linear if the number of
active regions per cycle is fixed but their average strength is taken
to be proportional to the cycle amplitude. Even with the inclusion
of a secularly varying ephemeral region background, the increase in
the total photospheric flux between the Maunder minimum and the end of
solar cycle 21 is at most ~one-third of its minimum-to-maximum variation
during the latter cycle. The simulations are compared with geomagnetic
activity and cosmogenic isotope records and are used to derive a
new reconstruction of total solar irradiance (TSI). The increase in
cycle-averaged TSI since the Maunder minimum is estimated to be ~1 W
m-2. Because the diffusive decay rate accelerates as the
average spacing between active regions decreases, the photospheric
magnetic flux and facular brightness grow more slowly than the sunspot
number and TSI saturates during the highest amplitude cycles.
Title: Global structure of the out-of-ecliptic solar wind
Authors: Whang, Y. C.; Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R.; Burlaga, L. F.
Bibcode: 2005JGRA..110.3103W
Altcode: 2005JGRA..11003103W
We use the observed photospheric field maps and the wind speed observed
from Ulysses to study the out-of-ecliptic solar wind. The model
calculates the wind speed from the rate of magnetic flux tube expansion
factors using a conversion function that is determined by least squares
fit of all currently available data from Ulysses. Using the best fit
conversion function, we investigate the global solar wind covering
a 36-year period from 1968 through 2003. The results complement and
expand upon earlier studies conducted with interplanetary scintillation
and other in situ spacecraft observations. The rotationally averaged
wind speed is a function of two parameters: the heliolatitude and the
phase of the solar cycle. The out-of-ecliptic solar wind has a recurrent
stable structure, and the average wind speed varies like a sine square
of latitude profile spanning more than 5 years during the declining
phase and solar minimum in each solar cycle. Ulysses has observed
this stable structure in its first polar orbit in 1992-1997. Near
solar maximum the structure of the out-of-ecliptic solar wind is in a
transient state lasting 2-3 years when the stable structure breaks down
during the disappearance and reappearance of the polar coronal holes.
Title: The Origin of Postflare Loops
Authors: Sheeley, N. R., Jr.; Warren, H. P.; Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2004ApJ...616.1224S
Altcode:
We apply a tracking technique, previously developed to study motions
in the outer corona by Sheeley, Walters, Wang, and Howard, to 195 Å
filtergrams obtained with the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer
(TRACE) satellite and obtain height-time maps of the motions in the
hot (10-20 MK) plasma clouds above postflare loop systems. These
maps indicate the following two main characteristics. (1) Within the
plasma cloud, the motions are downward at speeds of approximately 4
km s-1. The cloud itself grows with time, its upper layers
being replenished by the arrival and deceleration of fast inflows and
its lower layers disappearing when they cool to form the tops of new
postflare loops. (2) Early in these events, the inward motions are
turbulent, showing a variety of dark elongated features resembling
``tadpoles'' and some bright features. Later, the inflows are visible
as dark collapsing loops, changing from initially cusp-shaped features
to rounder loops as they move inward. Their speeds initially lie in the
range 100-600 km s-1 but decrease to 4 km s-1
in about 3 minutes, corresponding to an average deceleration ~1500 m
s-2. Combining these observations with similar observations
obtained at reconnection sites in the outer corona by the Large Angle
Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO), we conclude that postflare loops are
the end result of the formation, filling, deceleration, and cooling
of magnetic loops produced by the reconnection of field lines blown
open in the flare. The formation of collapsing loops occurs in the
dark tadpoles; the filling of these initially dark loops occurs via
chromospheric evaporation, which also contributes to the deceleration
of the loops; and the radiative cooling ultimately resolves the loops
into sharply defined structures.
Title: The Sun's Large-Scale Magnetic Field and Its Long-Term
Evolution
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.
Bibcode: 2004SoPh..224...21W
Altcode: 2005SoPh..224...21W
The Sun's large-scale external field is formed through the emergence
of magnetic flux in active regions and its subsequent dispersal over
the solar surface by differential rotation, supergranular convection,
and meridional flow. The observed evolution of the polar fields and
open flux (or interplanetary field) during recent solar cycles can be
reproduced by assuming a supergranular diffusion rate of 500 - 600
km2 s−1 and a poleward flow speed of 10 -20
m s−1. The nonaxisymmetric component of the large-scale
field decays on the flow timescale of ∼1 yr and must be continually
regenerated by new sunspot activity. Stochastic fluctuations in the
longitudinal distribution of active regions can produce large peaks
in the Sun's equatorial dipole moment and in the interplanetary field
strength during the declining phase of the cycle; by the same token,
they can lead to sudden weakenings of the large-scale field near sunspot
maximum (Gnevyshev gaps). Flux transport simulations over many solar
cycles suggest that the meridional flow speed is correlated with cycle
amplitude, with the flow being slower during less active cycles.
Title: Footpoint Switching and the Evolution of Coronal Holes
Authors: Wang, Y. -M.; Sheeley, N. R., Jr.
Bibcode: 2004ApJ...612.1196W
Altcode:
We discuss the role of footpoint exchanges between open and closed
magnetic field lines (also known as ``interchange reconnection'')
in the formation and rotational evolution of coronal holes. Such
exchanges cause open flux to jump from one location to another when
active regions emerge; they also act to untie the rotation of coronal
holes from that of the underlying plasma. We introduce a quantitative
measure of the footpoint exchange rate and apply it to a variety of
idealized configurations. During the formation of coronal holes,
footpoint switching dominates over the creation of new open flux
if the background (or polar) field is strong compared to that of
the emerging active region, so the latter acts to change mainly the
direction rather than the magnitude of the Sun's dipole vector. The
principal role of footpoint exchanges is to counteract the subsequent
rotational shearing of the holes; this result is accomplished by means
of continual sideways displacements of open and closed field lines along
the hole boundaries. Because the timescale for rotational shearing
(~3 months) is less than that for the decay of the Sun's large-scale
nonaxisymmetric field (~1 yr), interchange reconnection is expected
on average to dominate over the closing down of flux throughout the
solar cycle.
Title: Simulations of the Quiet Sun Emission at Metric and Decimetric
Radio Wavelengths
Authors: Marqué, C.; Wang, Y. M.; Thernisien, A. F.; Vourlidas, A.;
Howard, R. A.
Bibcode: 2004AAS...204.7104M
Altcode: 2004BAAS...36Q.797M
In the metric and decimetric radio range, solar emission is dominated
by non-thermal radiation from electron populations accelerated during
flares or continuous processes. When the solar activity is low, mainly
during the solar cycle minimum, the thermal emission from the corona
can be mapped, and structures such as coronal holes, active regions
or filament cavities can be observed. The radio thermal emission is
sensitive to the electron density and temperature, and radio rays
suffer refraction effects when their frequency is close to the local
plasma frequency. A model of the electron density and temperature
distribution is thus needed to compute the thermal radiation at a
given frequency. Axisymetric and homogeneous electron density models
have been successfully used for the last fourty years to described
the basic properties of this thermal emission. Nevertheless, these
density models are not suitable for describing the corona at a given
date.