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Author name code: dicke
ADS astronomy entries on 2022-09-14
author:Dicke, Robert H.
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Title: Republication of: The theoretical significance of experimental
relativity
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
2019GReGr..51...57D Altcode:
This republication consists of the introductory section of "The
theoretical significance of experimental relativity" (1964). The
material itself appeared first as lectures at a Les Houches school. It
played a seminal role in stimulating the now rich field of experimental
gravitational physics, by surveying earlier experiments and the current
and recent work by Dicke and his group, in particular their improved
version of the famous Eötvös experiment, and by analysing their
theoretical consequences in detail. Future topics for enquiry were
pointed out. The paper has been selected by the Editors of General
Relativity and Gravitation for re-publication in the Golden Oldies
series of the journal. This republication is accompanied by an editorial
note written by P. J. E. Peebles and by a brief biography written by
M. A. H. MacCallum.
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Title: Solar oblateness and general relativity (Physical Review
Letters 1967)
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Goldenberg, H. M.
1993inas.book...48D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Dirac's Cosmology and Mach's Principle
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1990pcp..book..121D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: The Surface Temperature of the Sun and Changes in the Solar
Constant
Authors: Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.; Dicke, R. H.
1988Sci...242..908K Altcode:
The solar distortion telescope has been used to measure the limb shape
and latitude dependence of the limb brightness during the summer months
for a 5-year period--a time base sufficient to detect solar cycle
trends in the data. Comparison of these observations with spaceborne
measurements of the solar constant suggests that a significant part
of the solar cycle variation in irradiance is a result of temporal
changes in the latitude-dependent surface temperature of the sun.
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Title: The Phase Variations of the Solar Cycle
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1988SoPh..115..171D Altcode:
It has previously been shown that the statistics of the phase
fluctuation of the sunspot cycle are compatible with the assumption that
the solar magnetic field is generated deep in the Sun by a frequency
stable oscillator and that the observed substantial phase fluctuation
in the sunspot cycle is due to variation in the time required for the
magnetic field to move to the solar surface (Dicke, 1978, 1979). It was
shown that the observed phase shifts are strongly correlated with the
amplitude of the solar cycle. It is shown here that of two empirical
models for the transport of magnetic flux to the surface, the best
fit to the data is obtained with a model for which the magnetic flux
is carried to the surface by convection with the convection velocity
proportional to a function of the solar cycle amplitude. The best fit
of this model to the data is obtained for a 12-yr transit time. The
period obtained for the solar cycle is T = 22.219 ± 0.032 yr. It is
shown that the great solar anomaly of 1760-1800 is most likely real
and not due to poor data.
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Title: On Observing the Absence of an Atom
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1988bqc..book..400D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Cosmic Black-Body Radiation
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Peebles, P. J. E.; Roll, P. G.; Wilkinson, D. T.
1988eur..book..117D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Observations of a Solar Latitude-dependent Limb Brightness
Variation: Erratum
Authors: Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.; Dicke, R. H.
1987ApJ...319.1010K Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Is the Solar Oblateness Variable? Measurements of 1985
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.
1987ApJ...318..451D Altcode:
The solar oblateness measured in 1985 is Δr =
r<SUB>eq</SUB>-r<SUB>p</SUB> = 14.6±2.2 arc ms, where the error is
only a formal standard deviation assuming normally distributed and
uncorrelated errors. The above result is significantly greater than
the 1984 value which, in turn, is significantly less than the 1983
and 1966 values. The differences may be physically significant and are
consistent with the hypothesis that the oblateness oscillates with the
11.14 yr period of the solar cycle. The data at present only weakly
support this hypothesis.
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Title: Evidence of global circulation currents from solar-limb
temperature variations
Authors: Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.; Dicke, R. H.
1987Natur.328..326K Altcode:
The temperature distribution in a turbulent rotating photosphere is
non-spherical. Dimensional arguments for the Sun suggest that such a
temperature modulation may have an amplitude ΔT~ Tv<SUP>2</SUP>/Φ~0.1
K, where T is an average temperature (5,700 K) and v<SUP>2</SUP>/Φ
is the ratio of the rotational kinetic and potential energy density of
the photosphere. Detailed calculations<SUP>1-3</SUP> generally support
this expectation. Here we report new observations that should help to
understand the solar global dynamics problem. From about 1,400 h of
solar-limb data obtained during the summers of 1983-85 we find that
the solar-limb temperature variation is not spherically symmetric and
is ~1 K. Our results also indicate that the limb temperature departs
from its expected l = 2 spatial harmonic form and has, at most, a weak
dependence on solar cycle.
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Title: Solar distortion measurements
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Kuhn, J. R.
1987prnc.rept.....D Altcode:
Highly accurate solar limb temperature and shape observations were
obtained from Mt Wilson using a highly specialized telescope. The solar
oblateness appears to fluctuate on a time scale of years. A latitude
dependent solar limb temperature variation exists with a temperature
amplitude of about 0.6k. This temperature variation is independent
of the solar cycle. Oblateness of the Sun in 1983 and Relativity;
On the Facular Contrast Near the Solar Limb; Brightness Variation;
Another Reason to Search for Solar g-Modes and New Limits from Solar
Ellipticity Measurements; Solar Ellipticity Fluctuations Yield No
Evidence of g-Modes; The Variable Oblateness of the Sun: Measurements
of 1984; Is the Solar Oblateness Variable? Measurements of 1985;
More Evidence for a Solar Latitude Dependent Limb Temperature Variation.
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Title: The Variable Oblateness of the Sun: Measurements of 1984
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.
1986ApJ...311.1025D Altcode:
The solar oblateness measured in 1984 appears to be significantly less
than the 1983 value. This is in turn substantially less than the 1966
value. The observations of 1983 and 1984 were made with a modified and
improved version of the Princeton Solar Distortion Telescope used in
1966. Its design is discussed. The sources of error and the analysis
technique are discussed. The observed changes in oblateness of the
sun are believed to be real and significant.
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Title: New force or thermal gradient in the Eötvös experiment\?
Authors: Chu, Shu-Yuan; Dicke, R. H.
1986PhRvL..57.1823C Altcode:
Recently Fischbach et al. suggested that the accelerations of various
materials to the Earth may be different depending on their compositions,
on the basis of their reanalysis of the results of the experiment of
Eötvös, Pekár, and Fekete. We find that systematic effects due to
thermal gradients can account for the experimental data.
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Title: Cosmic Black Body Radiation
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Peebles, P. J. E.; Roll, P. G.; Wilkinson, D. T.
1986coco.conf..133D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Solar ellipticity fluctuations yield no evidence of g-modes
Authors: Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.; Dicke, R. H.
1986Natur.319..128K Altcode:
Although there have been several claims for the detection of solar
g-modes with periods between 2 and 10 hours<SUP>1-3</SUP> and
although the present sensitivity of the Princeton Solar Distortion
Telescope should allow these low frequency modes to be observed, solar
oblateness data from the summers of 1983 and 1984 show no evidence of
such oscillations with periods between 1 and 5 hours. In about 250
days (nearly 1,000 hours) of observations, we find no evidence for
significant spectral power associated with g-modes. In particular,
there is no evidence of a 160.01-min period solar oscillation.
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Title: Oblateness of the Sun in 1983 and relativity
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.
1985Natur.316..687D Altcode:
Measurements of the solar oblateness obtained during 1983 from Mount
Wilson, California, yield a value with an upper bound only half of
that observed in 1966. This difference may support the conjecture
that the solar quadrupole moment slowly oscillates. A knowledge of
the character of such an oscillation, if it occurs, would be needed
to test Einstein's relativity theory using Mercury's orbital motion.
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Title: Observations of a Solar Latitude-dependent Limb Brightness
Variation
Authors: Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.; Dicke, R. H.
1985ApJ...290..758K Altcode:
A small latitude-dependent photospheric excess brightness variation has
been observed from 131 days of data obtained with the Princeton Solar
Distortion Telescope. Using an analytic model to separate the influence
of faculae from the brightness signal, a temperature difference of 0.6 +
or - 0.1 K between the poles and the regions at + or - 53 solar latitude
was obtained for the summer of 1983, a temperature difference of 0.6 +
or - 0.1 K between the poles and the regions at + or - 53 deg solar
latitude was obtained for the summer of 1983, with the polar regions
being hotter.
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Title: Observations of a Solar Latitude Dependent Photospheric
Brightness Variation
Authors: Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.; Dicke, R. H.
1984BAAS...16..451K Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Facular influences on the apparent solar shape
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Kuhn, J. R.; Libbrecht, K. G.
1983Natur.304..326D Altcode:
Schatten and Sofia<SUP>1</SUP> have recently reconsidered the question
of whether the 1966 solar ellipticity measurements<SUP>2</SUP> were
seriously contaminated by excess brightness of faculae near the solar
limb<SUP>3-7</SUP>. They considered several different functions for
the variations of the facular contrast with position relative to the
solar limb. With their own facular contrast function, Schatten and Sofia
obtain only a small contribution of faculae to the 1966 apparent solar
ellipticity, but with the Chapman function they obtain a substantial
contribution. New observations of faculae during the summer of 1982
and a novel analytical technique determine a facular contrast which is
constant or decreasing towards the limb, consistent with the Schatten
and Sophia function but inconsistent with Chapman's function. We show
here that the statistical analysis of the 1966 data<SUP>8</SUP> supports
this result. We disagree with the earlier conclusion<SUP>1</SUP>,
that with an acceptable facular contrast function one can obtain “an
acceptable fit to the oblateness measurements” as a purely facular
effect. For 20-30% of the observational days in 1966 only a few small,
weak facular patches were present at the limb, but the ellipticity
signal was present and it was not reduced in magnitude for those days.
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Title: Evidence for a distorted solar core rotating with a 12.4-day
period
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1983Natur.303..292D Altcode:
The periodicity recently discovered in the solar Doppler velocity
may be due to an Eddington-Sweet current driven in the photosphere by
a distorted gravitational potential rotating rigidly with a synodic
period of 12.81+/-0.10 days (12.4 days sidereal).
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Title: Mercury's Perihelion, from Le Verrier to Einstein
Authors: Roseveare, N. T.; Dicke, R. H.
1983AmJPh..51..478R Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: The Binary Pulsar / PSR1913+16 / a Textbook Example
Authors: Taylor, J.; Weisberg, J.; Dicke, R.; Brans, C.
1983S&T....65..325T Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: The 5-min oscillations of the Sun are incompatible with a
rapidly-rotating core
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1982Natur.300..693D Altcode:
Hill's suggestion that Einstein's general relativity may be invalid
requires a rapidly spinning solar core. The triplet structure observed
in the solar 5-minute power spectrum seems incompatible with this
rotating core. But the triplet structure can be accounted for as the
effect of a magnetically distorted core rotating with a ~12.5-day
period.
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Title: A Magnetic Core in the Sun - the Solar Rotator
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1982SoPh...78....3D Altcode:
The previously found solar distortion rotating rigidly and wave-like
on the surface with a ∼ 12 day period is interpreted as the shape
of the gravitational potential induced by the solar core distorted by
an internal magnetic field and rotating rigidly with this period. The
distortion does not have a symmetry axis and the necessary magnetic
field is not compatible with the axial symmetry required of a
quasi-static field locked in the rotating core. It is concluded that if
the solar distortion is due to such a process the core is oscillating
with a very long period, a toroidal oscillation with a period of the
order of years.
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Title: 1946, The Measurement of Thermal Radiation at Microwave
Frequencies
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1982cra..book..106D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: 1946, Microwave Radiation from the Sun and Moon
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Beringer, R.
1982cra..book..218D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Seismology and Geodesy of the Sun: Low-Frequency Oscillations
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1981PNAS...78.1989D Altcode:
The hourly averages of the solar ellipticity measured from June 13 to
Sept. 17, 1966, are analyzed for indications of solar oscillations
with periods in excess of 2 hr ν < 0.5 hr<SUP>-1</SUP>. Nothing
significant is found for frequencies ν > 0.1 hr<SUP>-1</SUP>
but for lower frequencies the power spectrum shows a very complex
structure containing about 20 strong narrow peaks. The complexity is
illusionary. The signal apparently consists of only two frequencies. The
complexity is due to aliasing by the window function with its basic
24-hr period, with many observational days missing, and with different
numbers of hourly averages for the various observational days. Both
signal frequencies are apparently due to odd-degree spherical harmonic
oscillations of the sun.
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Title: Seismology and Geodesy of the Sun: Solar Geodesy
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1981PNAS...78.1309D Altcode:
Measurements of the elliptical figure of the sun made in 1966 are
analyzed on an hourly basis. This analysis yields an improved measure of
the previously found solar distortion, rotating rigidly with a sidereal
period of 12.38±0.10 days. It also yields a set of residùals used
to search for signals due to low-frequency solar oscillations.
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Title: Solar Currents and the Magnetic Cycle
Authors: Howard, R.; Labonte, B.; Dicke, R. H.; Wilcox, J.
1980SciN..117..245H Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Solar luminosity and the sunspot cycle
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1979Natur.280...24D Altcode:
Neither sunspots, flares, other solar activity, nor the solar wind,
are found to be responsible for the 22-yr solar cycle period found
in the [D/H] climate indicator. This period may be due to a periodic
variation in solar luminosity induced by a deeply buried magnetic field.
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Title: The clock inside the Sun.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1979NewSc..83...12D Altcode:
It is suggested that the phase of the solar cycle seems to be locked
to the phase of some precisely tuned internal oscillator and that
there is apparently a close correlation between the phase error of
the sunspot cycle relative to this oscillator and the peak sunspot
number. A tentative model involving buoyant magnetic flux tubes is
considered which gives a frequency of 0.4460 + or - 0.00007 cycles
per year for the internal oscillator. Filtered data based on the
Epstein-Yapp statistical indicator are shown to yield a power spectrum
with one prominent peak having a frequency of 0.04472 + or - 0.00012
cycles per year, which differs by only 0.27% from the frequency of
the solar cycle. A model based on a solar core distorted by a strong
toroidal magnetic field is tentatively proposed.
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Title: Do solar-type stars have magnetic cores? A question of
stability.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1979ApJ...228..898D Altcode:
The differentially rotating, stably stratified core expected in new
solar-type stars, according to Larson and others, should generate a
strong toroidal magnetic field by winding a weak poloidal magnetic
field. It is shown that such a toroidal magnetic field (with a
symmetry axis) may be dynamically stable. The mild instability due
to the associated perturbation of the gravitational energy can be
neutralized by the Coriolis forces induced by a slow rotation of the
stellar core. The possible significance of magnetic cores for solar-type
stars is discussed.
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Title: The big bang cosmology - enigmas and nostrums.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Peebles, P. J. E.
1979grec.conf..504D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Is there a chronometer hidden deep in the Sun?
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1978Natur.276..676D Altcode:
No support is found for the conventional view of the sunspot cycle, that
there exists a large random walk in the phase of the cycle. Instead,
both sunspots and the [D/H] solar/terrestrial weather indicator seem
to be paced by an accurate clock inside the Sun.
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Title: Operator Algebra and the Stationary States of Stellar Magnetic
Fields (Paper dedicated to Professor Hannes Alfvén on the occasion
of his 70th birthday, 30 May 1978)
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1978Ap&SS..55..275D Altcode:
A vector-operator algebra technique for solving magnetic field problems
in a toroidal/poloidal representation is illustrated with physical
examples. Among the illustrative examples are calculations of necessary
and/or sufficient conditions for the existence of stationary magnetic
fields in stellar interiors.
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Title: Radiative equilibrium in the photosphere and global
oscillations of the sun and an upper bound on energy transport.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1978MNRAS.182..303D Altcode:
Summary. The effect of non-local radiation equilibrium in the
photosphere acting as a constraint on global oscillations (w 0.02, 1
< 3) is determined. It is shown that for a correctly chosen effective
specific heat ratio the wave equation is very nearly adiabatic in
form. The theory is used to compute upper bounds on energy transport
to the upper atmosphere using the Grec- Fossat observations. These
upper bounds are 3 5 orders of magnitude too small to be significant
for the 1966 oblateness observations.
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Title: The Enigmatic Solar Distortion and the Solar Neutrino Problem
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1978sfsn.conf..109D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: The 12.2 day solar rotational period.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1977ApJ...218..547D Altcode:
The periodicity of the 1966 solar oblateness residuals, representing
most of the variance, has been accounted for as a signal generated by a
solar distortion rotating rigidly with a 12.22 + or - 0.12 day period
(sidereal). It is shown that the complex noiselike character of the
curve for residual variance versus frequency (including the numerous
secondary resonances) is to be expected and represents the true
'fingerprint' of the 12.2-day distortion signal.
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Title: New Solar Rotational Period, the Solar Oblateness, and
Solar Faculae
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1976PhRvL..37.1240D Altcode:
The "excess" solar oblateness in 1966 and the periodicity in the
residuals (most of the variance) can be described as a signal due to
an approximately ellipsoidal sun rotating with a 12.2-day period, the
major axis being tilted 85° +/- 1° from the solar axis. This result,
independent of physical interpretation, precludes an explanation for
the solar oblateness as a "brightness signal" due to the appearance
of facular clusters at the solar limb.
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Title: Evidence for a solar distortion rotating with a period of
12.2 days.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1976SoPh...47..475D Altcode:
Most of the day-to-day fluctuation (originally believed to be error)
in the Princeton solar oblateness observations is well described
as the signal due to a ∼10 km distortion of the solar photosphere
rotating rigidly with a period of 12.22±0.12 days (sidereal). This
`solar-rotator' signal is well-defined by the observations and seems
clearly significant statistically. Owing to the apparent precession of
the solar spin-axis on the sky, the signal is not strictly periodic
and has a wave-form that evolves with time in a predictable way. The
previously discussed enigmatic periodicity of the oblateness residuals,
for which no non-solar sources were found, is eliminated when the
solar-rotator signal is subtracted. The residual errors are then
found to be normally distributed and uncorrelated. Including the
solar-rotator signal in the least-square fit increases the implied
static oblateness by 16% to Δr = 45.8±3.3 millisec (equatorial excess
radius). Both the static oblateness signal and the solar-rotator signal
might be interpreted phenomenonologically as `brightness' signals due
to a rigidly rotating non-uniform distribution of temperature in the
upper photosphere. However, such a description encounters physical
difficulties when the requirements of energy and momentum balance are
considered. Including the excess static oblateness yields a distortion
in the form of an ellipoid whose major axis is tilted 85° from the
solar axis. Possible conflicts with other recent observations are
discussed.
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Title: New Test of the Equivalence Principle from Lunar Laser Ranging
Authors: Williams, J. G.; Dicke, R. H.; Bender, P. L.; Alley, C. O.;
Carter, W. E.; Currie, D. G.; Eckhardt, D. H.; Faller, J. E.; Kaula,
W. M.; Mulholland, J. D.; Plotkin, H. H.; Poultney, S. K.; Shelus,
P. J.; Silverberg, E. C.; Sinclair, W. S.; Slade, M. A.; Wilkinson,
D. T.
1976PhRvL..36..551W Altcode:
An analysis of six years of lunar-laser-ranging data gives a zero
amplitude for the Nordtvedt term in the Earth-Moon distance yielding
the Nordtvedt parameter η=0.00+/-0.03 Thus, Earth's gravitational
self-energy contributes equally, +/-3%, to its inertial mass and
passive gravitational mass. At the 70% confidence level this result
is only consistent with the Brans-Dicke theory for ω>29. We obtain
|β-1|<~0.02 to 0.05 for five-parameter parametrized post-Newtonian
theories of gravitation with energy-momentum conservation, or
|β-1|<~0.01 if only β and γ are considered.
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Title: Phase-contrast detection of telescope seeing errors and
their correction.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1975ApJ...198..605D Altcode:
The technique of phase-contrast microscopy applied to a telescope
permits the detection and correction of phase errors in real time. These
corrections can be made separately for two or more levels of the
atmosphere. It may be possible to correct the seeing errors in a
circular patch up to 2 min in diameter about a reference star with an
apparent magnitude of 11 or brighter.
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Title: Real-time correction of telescope "seeing".
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1975JOSA...65.1206D Altcode: 1975OSAJ...65.1206D
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Achromatic double-star interferometry.
Authors: Wickes, W. C.; Dicke, R. H.
1974AJ.....79.1433W Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Research on solar physics, pulsars, and cosmology
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1974prnc.rept.....D Altcode:
The contract was concerned with solar physics problems involving the
solar oblateness, the precision timing of optical pulses from the
crab nebula pulsar and the polarization and isotropy of the cosmic
microwave background radiation.
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Title: The Enigmatic Periodicity of the Solar Oblateness
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1974SoPh...37..271D Altcode:
The complex wave-form of the 25 2/3 day periodicity of the solar
oblateness is exhibited. The statistical significance and strength
of the fluctuation is examined. Using several lines of evidence
the periodic fluctuation is shown to be a fluctuation in shape,
not brightness. The fluctuation does not correlate with indicators of
sunspots, faculae, prominences or magnetic fields. The detailed results
of the analysis of the correlation with faculae are given. A possible
explanation for the absence of the negative-correlated fluctuation
delayed by 1/2 the period is examined.
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Title: Faculae and the Solar Oblateness. II
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1974ApJ...190..187D Altcode:
Chapman and Ingersoll have suggested that the presence of a normally
distributed error in their facular function may require a large
increase in the estimate of the photospheric facular contribution
to the solar oblateness signal. This effect is evaluated by using
the Chapman-Ingersoll statistical assumptions and additional facular
data from earlier studies. With the further assumption that there is
no common systematic bias between the two facular signals, the above
effect is found to be negligible, representing an additional 2-3 percent
correction to the oblateness signal. The effects of systematic biases
of the facular data are also examined. Subject headings: faculae,
solar - gravitation - rotation, solar
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Oblateness of the Sun and Relativity
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1974Sci...184..419D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Oblateness of the Sun
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Goldenberg, H. Mark
1974ApJS...27..131D Altcode:
The solar oblateness observations of 1966 are analyzed. Included
are measures of the vertical and diagonal components of the
oblateness. These components represent the fractional contractions
of the solar disk along the north-south and the northeast-southwest
diameters, respectively. Also included are the annular-ring measures of
the equatorial brightening of the solar disk. These "brightness data"
are obtained by scanning a thin annular aperture centered on the solar
disk. The daily values of the diagonal component of the oblateness
are correlated with the observatory temperature and humidity and with
atmospheric transparency to test for a correlated atmospheric bias
of the results. Seasonal averages of the hourly averages of the data
provide measures of (and corrections for) the seeing distortions of
the solar image. The correction of the diagonal component for seeing
effects is zero. Functions derived from distributions about the limb of
faculae, sunspots, magnetic fields, and prorninences are correlated
with the diagonal component of the oblateness. Only the facular
signal is important. The facular contribution is greatest when the
largest amount of photosphere is exposed at the limb. Mter subtracting
the facular contribution to the signal, the residual oblateness is
independent of the amount of photosphere exposed. Averaged over all
three limb exposures, only 14 percent of the oblateness signal is due
to faculae. Correlation coefficients of the facular signal with the
"brightness data" and with the vertical component of the oblateness are
also computed. The "brightness data" show no equatorial brightening
over and above that due to faculae. The 23d.67 periodicity of the
solar oblateness is studied. The periodic autocorrelation function of
the oblateness fluctuation, the periodic fluctuation component in the
data, and the cross-correlation function of the data with the periodic
component are evaluated. The periodic fluctuation component exhibits
sharp positive peaks separated by 12 days. The values for the oblateness
obtained from the diagonal and vertical components are consistent
with each other and yield a mean value of ArIr = 4.31 + 0.34 x 10-
. The solar quadrupole moment consistent with this value, j = 2.47 +
0.23 x 10 - 5, implies a correction of 2 .98 + per century to the
`classical excess motion of Mercury's perihelion. Subject headings:
faculae, solar - interiors, solar - Mercury - rotation, solar
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Relativity and the solar oblateness
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1974exgr.conf..200D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment
Authors: Bender, P. L.; Currie, D. G.; Dicke, R. H.; Eckhardt, D. H.;
Faller, J. E.; Kaula, W. M.; Mulholland, J. D.; Plotkin, H. H.;
Poultney, S. K.; Silverberg, E. C.; Wilkinson, D. T.; Williams, J. G.;
Alley, C. O.
1973Sci...182..229B Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: An automatic interferometer for double star observation
Authors: Wickes, William C.; Dicke, R. H.
1973AJ.....78..757W Altcode:
An interferometric device designed for measurement of the separation
and position angle of double stars with separation less than 1 arcsec
and large magnitude difference has been constructed. The instrument
employs high-frequency photoelectric fringe detection, and signal
averaging techniques to average atmospheric seeing effects. As part
of the averaging process, the star field is rotated relative to the
twin entrance apertures at a rate of 1 rps by means of a rotating dove
prism. We report the results of measurements of double stars of small
magnitude difference, carried out on several telescopes, a refractor,
and reflectors. The measurements have accuracies better than 0-"01 in
separation and 1' in position angle.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Solar Oblateness and Equatorial Brightening
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1973ApJ...180..293D Altcode:
Equatorial brightening near the limb associated with an elevated
temperature in the upper photosphere is discussed. It is not possible
to obtain satisfactory agreement with the observations simultaneously
at both of the color bands employed for the observations. The energy
requirements of such hypothetical excess photospheric temperatures
are severe, and the stresses needed for a force balance do not seem
to be present. Subject headings: atmospheres, solar - gravitation - Sun
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Photospheric Faculae and the Solar Oblateness
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1973NYASA.224..316D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: A self-consistent set of surface coordinates for the Apollo
lunar laser retroreflectors deduced from laser range measures.
Authors: Mulholland, J. D.; Plotkin, H. H.; Silverberg, E. C.;
Wilkinson, D. T.; Alley, C. O.; Bender, P. L.; Currie, D. G.; Dicke,
R. H.; Faller, J. E.; Kaula, W. M.; Williams, J. G.
1973spre.conf.1009M Altcode: 1973spre....2.1009M
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: A New Solar Fluctuation
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1972ApJ...176..479D Altcode:
The fluctuation in the solar-oblateness signal during 1966 has
been found to be strongly autocorrelated with a 25.3-day lag. The
autocovariance functions show that the disturbed regions of the Sun
occur in the vicinity of +45 latitude for which the synodic rotation
period is 29.5 days. The 25-day correlation peak is positive as
expected, but there is no indication of the equally strong 13-day
negative halfrotation peak that would also be expected. It is concluded
that the 25-day correlation may be due to density fluctuations occurring
near the top of the radiative zone.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Faculae and the Solar Oblateness
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1972ApJ...175..831D Altcode:
Chapman and Ingersoll have suggested that the excess solar oblateness
found by Dicke and Golden- berg is wholly or largely due to the
presence of faculae near the solar limb. This contrasts with my
earlier statement based on a statistical study that contributions from
faculae are unimportant. A new statistical study based on Chapman and
Ingersoll's own facular function supports my 1970 statement.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Rotation and Lithium Abundance in Solar-Type Stars
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1972ApJ...171..331D Altcode:
The mild thermally driven turbulence associated with the
Goldreich-Schubert-Fricke instability induces diffusive transport
of angular momentum and lithium. The same diffusivity controls both
processes. The slowing of rotation observed in young solar-type
stars and the rate of loss of angular momentum from the Sun to the
solar-wind can be quantitatively related to the loss of lithium (and
of beryllium if the instability extends deep enough). It is concluded
that the instability cannot extend much deeper than the onset of fast
burning of 7Li. By contrast, the assumption that a mild thermally driven
turbulence is terminated at the boundary of a rapidly rotating core,
perhaps by a jump in mean molecular weight A 10- , is used to give a
quantitative account of the depletion of 7Li in the Sun and solartype
stars. Lithium-6 should be strongly depleted, but 9Be not at all. The
requirements that for the Sun both the rotation and the 7Li abundance
agree with the observations give for each possible choice of core
radius a value for the solar-wind torque and a lower bound for the
angular velocity of the core.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Gravitation and the universe.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1972grun.book.....D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Geodesy results obtainable with lunar retroreflectors.
Authors: Faller, J. E.; Bender, P. L.; Alley, C. O.; Currie, D. G.;
Dicke, R. H.; Kaula, W. M.; MacDonald, G. J. F.; Mulholland, J. D.;
Plotkin, H. H.; Silverberg, E. C.; Wilkinson, D. T.
1972uasg.proc..261F Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Laser Ranging Retroreflector
Authors: Faller, J. E.; Alley, C. O.; Bender, P. L.; Currie, D. G.;
Dicke, R. H.; Kaula, W. M.; MacDonald, G. J. F.; Mulholland, J. D.;
Plotkin, H. H.; Silverberg, E. C.; Wilkinson, D. T.
1972NASSP.289...14F Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Evidence for the Distribution of Angular Velocity Inside the
Sun and Stars - Comments
Authors: Kraft, R.; Dicke, R. H.
1972NASSP.308..290K Altcode: 1972sowi.conf..290K
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Geodesy Results Obtainable with Lunar Retroreflectors
Authors: Faller, J. E.; Bender, P. L.; Alley, C. O.; Currie, D. G.;
Dicke, R. H.; Kaula, W. M.; MacDonald, G. J. F.; Mulholland, J. D.;
Plotkin, H. H.; Silverberg, E. C.; Wilkinson, D. I.
1972GMS....15..261F Altcode:
Retroreflector packages have been carried to the moon by the Apollo 11,
Apollo 14, and Apollo 15 missions, as well as by Luna 17. Laser ranging
from the earth onto these packages should eventually yield information
on polar motions and crustal movements accurate to a few centimeters,
and on UT1 to 100 μsec. Present (1971) error of the range measurements
is 30 cm, but accuracy to 3 cm should be obtainable with improvements
in methods and equipment.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Internal Rotation of the Sun
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1972NASSP.300...23D Altcode: 1972poss.conf...23D; 1972pss..conf...23D
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Solar Oblateness and the Abundance of Lithium in the Sun
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1971PhRvL..27..210D Altcode:
The Goldreich-Schubert thermally driven turbulence extending to the
deep interiors of solar-type stars which exhibit rotational slowing is
precluded by spectroscopic observations showing the presence of lithium
and beryllium. These observations, similar observations of the sun,
the solar-wind torque, and the solar oblateness are consistent with
a model for which such a turbulence is terminated at the surface of
a rapidly rotating core containing 95% of the star's mass.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Abstract for Second Annual Lunar Science Conference in Houston
January 11-14, 1971: Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment: Current Results
and Future Plans
Authors: Alley, C. O.; Bender, P. L.; Currie, D. G. L.; Dicke, R. H.;
Faller, J. E.; Kaula, W. M.; MacDonald, G. J. F.; Mulholland, J. D.;
Plotkin, H. H.; Silverberg, E. C.; Wilkinson, D. T.
1971LPI.....2...18A Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Preliminary results of laser ranging to a reflector on the
lunar surface.
Authors: Mulholland, J. D.; Alley, C. O.; Bender, P. L.; Currie,
D. G.; Dicke, R. H.; Faller, J. E.; Kaula, W. M.; MacDonald, G. J. F.;
Plotkin, H. H.; Wilkinson, D. T.
1971spre.conf...97M Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Laser Ranging Retroreflector
Authors: Faller, J. E.; Alley, C. O.; Bender, P. L.; Currie, D. G.;
Dicke, R. H.; Kaula, W. M.; MacDonald, G. J. F.; Mulholland, J. D.;
Plotkin, H. H.; Silverberg, E. C.; Wilkinson, D. T.
1971NASSP.272..215F Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Internal Rotation of the Sun
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1970pss..conf...25D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Rotation of the Sun (review Paper)
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1970stro.coll..289D Altcode: 1970IAUCo...4..289D
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Why are Sunspots Dark and Faculae Bright?
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1970ApJ...159...25D Altcode:
It is shown that the darkening or brightening of a disturbed spot on the
Sun's surface is uniquely determined by the abnormal stress distribution
in the "seen layers" of the spot. The magnetic and velocity fields are
the sources of the anomalous stress. A crude sunspot model based on
the general theory is shown to give results in satisfactory agreement
with the observations.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Internal Rotation of the Sun
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1970ARA&A...8..297D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector: Continuing Measurements and
Expected Results:
Authors: Alley, C. O.; Chang, R. F.; Currie, D. G.; Poultney, S. K.;
Bender, P. L.; Dicke, R. H.; Wilkinson, D. T.; Faller, J. E.; Kaula,
W. M.; MacDonald, G. J. F.; Mulholland, J. D.; Plotkin, H. H.; Carrion,
W.; Wampler, E. J.
1970Sci...167..458A Altcode:
After successful acquisition in August of reflected ruby laser
pulses from the Apollo 11 laser ranging retro-reflector (LRRR) with
the telescopes at the Lick and McDonald observatories, repeated
measurements of the round-trip travel time of light have been made
from the McDonald Observatory in September with an equivalent range
precision of ± 2.5 meters. These acquisition period observations
demonstrated the performance of the LRRR through lunar night and
during sunlit conditions on the moon. Instrumentation activated at
the McDonald Observatory in October has yielded a precision of ± 0.3
meter, and improvement to ± 0.15 meter is expected shortly. Continued
monitoring of the changes in the earth-moon distance as measured by the
round-trip travel time of light from suitably distributed earth stations
is expected to contribute to our knowledge of the earth-moon system.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Solar Oblateness and the Gravitational Quadrupole Moment
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1970ApJ...159....1D Altcode:
The connection between the oblateness and the gravitational quadrupole
moment of the Sun is developed under the assumption of the absence of
magnetic and velocity fields in the surface layers. This discussion
is generalized to include also the effects of surface rotation for
rotation on cylinders. The theory of the generation by surface fields
of oblateness and equatorial temperature excess is developed and
used to discuss the various attempts by Roxburgh, Cocke, Sturrock,
and Gilvarry to account for the observed oblateness as an effect of
surface fields only. The severe constraint on allowed surface fields
introduced by the observed latitude independence of solar brightness is
analyzed. It is concluded that an acceptable explanation of the solar
oblateness, other than the effects of a gravitational quadrupole and
surface rotation, has yet to be found.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Laser-ranging retro-reflector: continuing measurements and
expected results
Authors: Alley, C. O.; Chang, R. F.; Currie, D. G.; Poultney, S. K.;
Bender, P. L.; Dicke, R. H.; Wilkinson, D. T.; Faller, J. E.; Kaula,
W. M.; MacDonald, G. J. F.; Mulholland, J. D.; Plotkin, H. H.; Carrion,
W.; Wampler, E. J.
1970GeCAS...1.1947A Altcode: 1970LPSC....1.1947A
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Gravitation and the universe
Authors: Dicke, Robert H.
1970grun.conf.....D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Average acceleration of the earth's rotation and the viscosity
of the deep mantle.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1969JGR....74.5895D Altcode:
The acceleration of the earth's rotation averaged over the past
3000 years has been re-studied using a new analysis of the ancient
eclipses. The relaxation time for a second-order harmonic distortion of
the earth has been calculated to fall in the range 870-1600 years. This
short relaxation time seems to require a viscosity for the deep mantle
of ∼10<SUP>22</SUP> poises, permitting the convective transport of
heat from the deep interior of the earth. If the viscosity is this
low, deep convective currents are required to support the excess
equatorial bulge.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Age of the Galaxy from the Decay of Uranium
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1969ApJ...155..123D Altcode:
The dating of the Galaxy by the decay of uranium is re-examined. From
recently published data it is concluded that the Galaxy is approximately
7 X 1O~ years old, substantially the same as the "prompt synthesis"
age derived eleven years ago by Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and
Hoyle. Contrary to current beliefs, the results obtained from the decay
of U235 relative to U238, assuming "prompt synthesis," are concordant
with those based on the decay of U238 relative to Th2~2
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Some implications for physics and geophysics of laser range
measurements from Earth to a lunar retro-reflector.
Authors: Alley, C. O.; Bender, P. L.; Currie, D. G.; Dicke, R. H.;
Faller, J. E.
1969ampe.conf..523A Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Equivalence of Inertial and Gravitational Mass
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1969tsra.conf..375D Altcode: 1969qhea.conf..375D
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Gravitation and the universe.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1969grun.book.....D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Laser Ranging Retroreflector
Authors: Alley, C. O.; Bender, P. L.; Chang, R. F.; Currie, D. G.;
Dicke, R. H.; Faller, J. E.; Kaula, W. M.; MacDonald, G. J. F.;
Mulholland, J. D.; Plotkin, H. H.; Poultney, S. K.; Wilkinson,
D. T.; Winer, Irvin; Carrion, Walter; Johnson, Tom; Spadin, Paul;
Robinson, Lloyd; Wampler, E. Joseph; Wieber, Donald; Silverberg,
E.; Steggerda, C.; Mullendore, J.; Rayner, J.; Williams, W.; Warner,
Brian; Richardson, Harvey; Bopp, B.
1969NASSP.214..163A Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The variability of atomic constants.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1969atph.conf..103D Altcode: 1969agph.conf..103D
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Remarks on gravitation and cosmology
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1969cp1..conf..507D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Eine neue Gravitationstheorie.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1969Umsch..69..665D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Origin of the Globular Star Clusters
Authors: Peebles, P. J. E.; Dicke, R. H.
1968ApJ...154..891P Altcode:
We argue that the globular clusters may have originated as
gravitationally bound gas clouds before the galaxies formed. This idea
follows from the primeval-fireball picture, which suggests that the
first bound systems to have formed in the expanding Universe were
gas clouds with mass and shape quite similar to the globular star
clusters. We present also a picture for the evolution from these
assumed proto- globular gas clouds to globular star cluster
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Scatter-Hole Cameras for X-Rays and Gamma Rays
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1968ApJ...153L.101D Altcode:
A pinhole camera for which the entrance area, covered with a very
large number of randomly dis- tributed pinholes, is 50 per cent open
is shown to be a very effective way of forming images of a complex
of X-ray stars. A simple statistical trick is used to reduce the
multitudinous overlapping images to a single image. Less than forty
detected photons are needed to form an image of a single star
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Scalar-Tensor Gravitation and the Cosmic Fireball
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1968ApJ...152....1D Altcode:
It has been shown that under conventional general relativity the
cosmic fireball should convert 26- 28 per cent of the hydrogen to
helium. Departure from an ideal isotropic and uniform universe should
only increase the amount of helium formation. The contribution from
the scalar field energy of the scalar- tensor type of gravitation
theory can lead to the fireball's expanding so rapidly that virtually
no helium is formed. If the present mass density of the Universe is in
excess of 2 X 10-29 g cm3, corresponding to a closed space, zero helium
production would be expected under the scalar-tensor theory. Thus a de-
termination of the helium content of Population II stars could provide
a test for both theories of gravita- tion. INTRODUCTIO
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Solar Oblateness and Fluid Spin-Down
Authors: McDonald, B. E.; Dicke, R. H.
1967Sci...158.1562M Altcode:
An experiment performed on a differentially rotating, density-stratified
fluid shows that "spin-down" need not occur under the condition of
stratification. Inasmuch as density stratification occurs in the
interior of the sun, spin-down probably does not exist in the solar
interior, and the observed solar oblateness may indicate that the sun
contains a rapidly spinning core.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Solar Spin-Down Problem
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1967ApJ...149L.121D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Solar Models
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1967Sci...157..960D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Differential Rotation and the Solar Oblateness
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Goldenberg, H. Mark
1967Natur.214.1294D Altcode:
A few weeks ago, Dr I. W. Roxburgh questioned an earlier argument by
Professor R. H. Dicke that the observed flattening of the Sun would
account for part of the rotation of the orbit of Mercury otherwise
attributable to general relativity. Roxburgh advanced arguments which
suggest that the surface of the Sun may not be an equipotential surface,
largely because of turbulence in the atmosphere. Dicke now rejects
this interpretation.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Solar Oblateness-A Letter
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1967IrAJ....8...63D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Cosmological Enigmas. (Book Reviews:
Worlds-Antiworlds. Antimatter in Cosmology)
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1967Sci...155.1527D Altcode: 1967Sci...155.1527A
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Solar Oblateness and General Relativity
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Goldenberg, H. Mark
1967PhRvL..18..313D Altcode:
New measurements of the solar oblateness have given a value
for the fractional difference of equatorial and polar radii of
(5.0+/-0.7)×10<SUP>-5</SUP>. A corresponding discrepancy of 8% of
the Einstein value for the perihelion motion of Mercury is implied.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Gravitation
Authors: Dicke, Robert H.
1967easp.book..264D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Secular Acceleration of the Earth's Rotation and Cosmology
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1966ems..conf...98D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Stellar Evolution with Varying G
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1966stev.conf..319D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Astrophysics and Radio Astronomy. (Book Reviews: General
Relativity and Cosmology)
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1965Sci...149.1493M Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Icarus and relativity
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1965AJ.....70..395D Altcode:
The regression of the node of Icarus is proposed as a sensitive measure
of the oblateness of the sun.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Cosmic Black-Body Radiation.
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Peebles, P. J. E.; Roll, P. G.; Wilkinson, D. T.
1965ApJ...142..414D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Gravitation and Space Science
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Peebles, P. J.
1965SSRv....4..419D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Optical Radar Using a Corner Reflector on the Moon
Authors: Alley, C. O.; Bender, P. L.; Dicke, R. H.; Faller, J. E.;
Franken, P. A.; Plotkin, H. H.; Wilkinson, D. T.
1965JGR....70.2267A Altcode:
In a recent letter Hunt [1964] described a microwave transponder that
can be landed on the moon and that can be used, in conjunction with
a modified Glotrac station, to measure the distance between station
and landing site. He also suggests several interesting measurements
that could be made on the earth-moon system if the range accuracy
were sufficiently well developed. The purpose of this letter is to
point out the capabilities and possible advantages of an optical radar
system which uses a corner reflector on the moon's surface. Smullin
and Fiocco [1962] have demonstrated that laser beams can be scattered
from the moon's surface and detected back at the earth; however,
the return signals were too weak and too spread out (in time) to be
used for precision ranging. Hoffman et al. [1960] have pointed out
the advantages of using corner reflectors on an artificial satellite
to permit precision tracking. More recently, Plotkin [1964] has
described an optical radar system that is capable of making precision
range measurements to satellites which have been equipped with corner
reflectors.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Cosmology and Newtonian Mechanics
Authors: Callan, C.; Dicke, R. H.; Peebles, P. J. E.
1965AmJPh..33..105C Altcode:
The general relativistic solution to the cosmological problem is often
considered to be one of its most beautiful results. It is shown that
Newtonian mechanics is quite sufficient to discuss the dynamics of
the expanding universe. Furthermore, this is not a cleverly contrived
classical model, or a crude nonrelativistic approximation, but a
completely correct discussion of the dynamics of the expansion in
a region where both general relativity and Newtonian mechanics are
equally valid.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Sun's Rotation and Relativity
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1964Natur.202..432D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Evolution of the Solar System and the Expansion of the Universe
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Peebles, P. J.
1964PhRvL..12..435D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Cosmology, Mach's Principle and Relativity
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1963AmJPh..31..500D Altcode:
The significance of Mach's principle (and the implicit relativity
principle) for field theory is discussed, also the significance of
zero-mass boson fields for the geometry of the physical space. The
significance of such fields for Mach's principle within the framework
of cosmology is also discussed. It is suggested that the distant
matter of the universe generates one or two zero-mass boson fields,
very likely a tensor field and perhaps a scalar, and that each of these
fields propagates, carrying into the laboratory a quasistatic influence
having its origin primarily in the distant matter of the universe. The
observable effects of these “Machian fields” are described.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Cosmology and the Radioactive Decay Ages of Terrestrial Rocks
and Meteorites
Authors: Peebles, P. J.; Dicke, R. H.
1962PhRv..128.2006P Altcode:
Several different cosmologies have been proposed in which the strength
of the gravitational interaction is variable. Also, it has been
suggested that the gravitational interaction may play a significant
role in determining the structure of elementary particles, and in
particular that the value of the fine structure constant may depend on
the strength of the gravitational interaction. It is shown that these
two effects taken together would lead to observable discrepancies
in the ages of terrestrial rocks and meterorites as determined by
different radioactive decay schemes. Analysis of the geophysical
data leads to an upper limit of about 3 parts in 10<SUP>13</SUP>
per year on the rate of change of the fine structure constant. If
the assumed relation between gravitation and particle structure were
valid, this would correspond to a limit on variations in the strength
of the gravitational interaction of 2 parts in 10<SUP>11</SUP> per
year. This upper limit is one-fifth of the size of the variations
expected according to Dirac's cosmology, and roughly as big as the
variation to be expected according to the Brans-Dicke cosmology. It is
concluded that either the assumed connection between gravitation and
elementary particles does not exist, or, if the connection does exist,
that the geophysical data provide a significant limit on possible
variations in the strength of the gravitational interaction.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Earth and Cosmology
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1962Sci...138..653D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: The Temperature of Meteorites and Dirac's Cosmology and
Mach's Principle
Authors: Peebles, J.; Dicke, R. H.
1962JGR....67.4063P Altcode:
Arguments based on Mach's principle and on numerical coincidences
in the astrophysical data lead to the idea that the strength of the
gravitational interaction may be decreasing with time. This would
imply that the radiation rate of the sun was larger in the past and
that asteroids and meteorite bodies were warmer, possibly leading to
loss of argon from the material of the meteorites. It is shown from the
observed potassium-argon ages of meteorites that the strength of the
gravitational interaction has not been decreasing by more than about
1 part in 10<SUP>10</SUP> per year. This limit does not seem to rule
out any of the cosmologies in which the strength of the gravitational
interaction is variable.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Significance of Spatial Isotropy
Authors: Peebles, P. J.; Dicke, R. H.
1962PhRv..127..629P Altcode:
It has been suggested occasionally that the fine structure "constant"
may not be a fixed number, but that it may be determined, in a manner
not yet understood, by the distribution of mass in the universe. A
simple point-particle picture is used to indicate the significance
of this idea for the motion of free test particles. The possible
generally covariant equations of motion for a point particle are
considered, and it is shown that one can find a suitable model which is
consistent with the observed structure independence of gravitational
acceleration. However, it is indicated that such a model is not
consistent with the precise observations, made by Hughes et al. and
Drever, of the local isotropy of space. That is, with the observed
structure independence of gravitational acceleration and local isotropy
of space, and assuming general covariance, it seems to be necessary
to rule out any appreciable variation with position in the value of
the fine structure constant.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Long-Range Scalar Interaction
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1962PhRv..126.1875D Altcode:
The long-range scalar field, associated with a neutral, massless,
boson, has been generally considered to be nonexistent. This belief
is based on the lack of overt effects, observed in the laboratory,
from such a field. It is shown that if this long-range interaction
were to exist, it would of necessity be weak. The physical reason
for this is the large contribution, having its origin in the enormous
amount of matter at great distance in the universe, to the magnitude
of the scalar. By comparison, the contribution of local matter is
miniscule, leading to a weak interaction of about the same strength
as gravitation. Furthermore, it is shown that such an interaction,
in its effects, would be very similar to gravitation and could be
distinguished only with difficulty. It is concluded that there is
not yet a compelling observation which could be used to exclude the
long-range scalar interaction.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Lee-Yang Vector Field and Isotropy of the Universe
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1962PhRv..126.1580D Altcode:
Lee and Yang suggested that, associated with heavy-particle
conservation, there may exist an analog of the electromagnetic field,
a field for which nucleons and antinucleons would serve as positive
and negative "charges." It is shown that the null result from a recent
repetition of the Eötvös experiment implies that, if it exists,
the Lee-Yang interaction is at most only 10<SUP>-7</SUP> of the
gravitational interaction. This great weakness does not imply that the
field does not exist. However, with the assumption of the isotropy
of the average matter distribution of the universe, the Lee-Yang
antisymmetric field tensor vanishes when averaged over sufficiently
large volumes. This implies that, if the Lee-Yang field exists,
nucleons and antinucleons are present in equal numbers in the universe,
presumably gathered in matter and antimatter galaxies. However,
it is found that the fact that a copious stream of γ rays is not
present in the cosmic rays can be used to exclude such numbers of
antimatter galaxies. It is concluded that the Lee-Yang field probably
does not exist.
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Dating the Galaxy by Uranium Decay
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1962Natur.194..329D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
---------------------------------------------------------
Title: Implications for Cosmology of Stellar and Galactic Evolution
Rates
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1962RvMP...34..110D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Periodicity of Earthquakes and the Invariance of the
Gravitational Constant
Authors: Morgan, W. J.; Stoner, J. O.; Dicke, R. H.
1961JGR....66.3831M Altcode:
Times of occurrence for a total of 1933 earthquakes are analyzed for
periodicities. The results show no definite evidence for effects due to
earth tides. Small indications of a solar-date periodicity are assumed
to be thermal in origin. A strong, statistically significant annual
period is found, and the phase is substantially the same for northern
and southern earthquakes. This periodicity is not wholly accounted
for by temperature effects, wind-induced stresses, and observer
bias. The occurrence of this periodicity would be understandable if the
gravitational constant were to vary as the earth-sun distance changes
or as the earth's velocity relative to a preferred coordinate frame
changes; however, the observed periodicity cannot be interpreted as
conclusive support for such a hypothesis.
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Title: Dirac's Cosmology and Mach's Principle
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1961Natur.192..440D Altcode:
THE dimensionless gravitational coupling constant with m<SUB>p</SUB>
the mass of some elementary particle, for definiteness taken as
the proton, is such a small number that its significance has long
been questioned. Thus Eddington<SUP>1</SUP> considered that all
the dimensionless physical constants, including this one, could
be evaluated as simple mathematical expressions. Dirac<SUP>2</SUP>
considered that such an odd number must be related to other numbers of
similar size, characterizing the structure of the universe. However,
most physicists seem to believe that a dimensionless constant, such as
(1), is provided by Nature, cannot be calculated, and is not in any
way related to other numbers.
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Title: On the Spring Maximum of Radioactive Fallout from Nuclear
Test Explosions
Authors: Bleichrodt, J. F.; Blok, Joh.; Dicke, R. H.
1961JGR....66..135B Altcode:
Some results of measurements are presented pertaining to the maximum
of fallout which was observed during the spring of the last few
years. Evidence is presented that the height of this maximum is chiefly
determined by the amount of radioactive debris present in the temperate
or polar lower stratosphere, whereas seasonal factors determine the
time of appearance of the maximum.
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Title: The Nature of Gravitation
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1961sis..book...91D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Tracking and Orbit Requirements for Experiment to detect
Variations in Gravitational Constant
Authors: Dicke, R. H.; Hoffmann, W. F.; Krotkov, R.
1961spre.conf..287D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Mach's principle and equivalence
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1961egt..conf....1D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: Comparison between theory and observation for the outer planets
Authors: Krotkov, R.; Dicke, R. H.
1959AJ.....64..157K Altcode:
- bstract. The auto-covariance function of the differences between
the observed and predicted ecliptic longitudes of Jupiter indicates
that these residuals contain a trigonometric term of period 4520 days,
compared with 4333 days for Jupiter's period, and amplitu e d'. .No
currently known source of systematic error would account for such a
period. The residuals for the other outer p Thets contain no period
as marked as the 4520 day period in Jupiter. A secular increase in
the eccentricity of 1/3 X 10-6 per century, together with a motion
of the perihelion in the direction of Jupiter's revo- lution about
the sun and amounting to 5" per century will, coupled with a term
whose frequency is equal to Jupiter's mean motion, produce such a
period. If such secular perturbations were produced by a constant
anomalous acceleration of Jupiter, the magnitude of the acceleration
required would be about times the Jovian centripetal acceleration. The
data for the other outer planets are inadequate to either confirm or
deny the existence of such an acceleration in their motion.
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Title: Dirac's Cosmology and the Dating of Meteorites
Authors: Dicke, R. H.
1959Natur.183..170D Altcode:
IT was long ago suggested by Dirac<SUP>1</SUP> that, from considerations
based upon the sizes of the important physical and astrophysical
constants, there were reasons for believing that the gravitational
constant, when expressed in atomic units, was not a true constant
but that it varied inversely with the age of the universe. It has
been pointed out that of the other physical constants, only the
weak coupling constant would be expected to vary strongly with time,
assuming the correctness of the Dirac hypothesis<SUP>2</SUP>.
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Title: Microwave Radiation from the Sun and Moon.
Authors: Dicke, Robert H.; Beringer, Robert
1946ApJ...103..375D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
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Title: The radial distribution in globular clusters
Authors: Dicke, Robert H.
1939AJ.....48..108D Altcode:
No abstract at ADS
