Projects
This pages lists all individual projects I am or have been formally involved in, in any way: either as PhD student, post-doc, supervisor and/or examinator. Projects are listed under the name of a particular project member; a difference in colour distinguishes former from current projects.
- Post-doctoral research projects (3)
- PhD research projects (thesis projects) (21)
- MSc research projects (thesis projects) (42)
- Experimentation projects (3)
- BSc research projects (thesis projects) (7)
- Course group projects: group projects supervised as part of regular courses (on teaching page)
Research projects (Post-doc level)
Researcher: C. Steging
| project | Correct Reasoning in Hybrid Intelligence | 
| part of | Hybrid Intelligence: Augmenting Human Intellect | 
| funding | NWO Zwaartekracht programme | 
| university | University of Groningen, NL; Department of Artificial Intelligence | 
| period | 2024-2026 | 
| my role | co-supervisor, together with prof.dr. H.B. Verheij (RUG) | 
Researcher: J.H. Bolt
| project | Robust and trustworthy advice | 
| part of | PersOn: Explainable, Maintainable, and Trustworthy Decision Support Systems for Personalised Care in Oncology | 
| funding | NWO Perspectief | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences, and Open University, NL. | 
| period | 2023-2029 | 
| my role | co-applicant subproject & co-supervisor, together with dr A.J. Hommersom (OU) | 
Researcher: S. Renooij
| project | Practicable Decision Making Under Uncertainty | 
| funding | NWO Pionier programme | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| period | 2001-2005 | 
| my role | the post-doc, supervised by prof.dr.ir. L.C. van der Gaag | 
Research projects (PhD level)
Student: Debargha Ghosh
| project | Causal insights: adaptive explanations for interpretable probabilistic models | 
| part of | Hybrid Intelligence: Augmenting Human Intellect | 
| funding | NWO Zwaartekracht programme | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| duration | 4 yrs; starting November 2025 | 
| my roles | daily supervisor & promotor, together with dr. A.V. Kononova (U Leiden) | 
Student: M.T. Ozudogru
| project | Cooperation between human and AI planners | 
| part of | ROBUST-RAIL (Responsible Decision Support for Efficient and Dynamic Railway Systems) ICAI-lab | 
| funding | NWO KIC-LTP programme | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Experimental Psychology | 
| duration | 4 yrs; starting September 2023 | 
| my roles | promotor & co-applicant subproject, together with dr. C.P. Janssen, dr. L. Van Maanen and prof.dr. M.M. Dastani | 
Student: L. van Leeuwen
| project | Designing a rational process for hybrid probabilistic decision making | 
| part of | Hybrid Intelligence: Augmenting Human Intellect | 
| funding | NWO Zwaartekracht programme | 
| university | University of Groningen, NL; Department of Artificial Intelligence | 
| duration | 4 yrs; starting September 2022 | 
| my roles | external supervisor & 'co-promotor', together with prof.dr. H.B. Verheij (RUG) and prof.dr. L.C. Verbrugge (RUG) | 
Student: A. Onnes
| project | Monitoring and constraining adaptive systems | 
| part of | Hybrid Intelligence: Augmenting Human Intellect | 
| funding | NWO Zwaartekracht programme | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| duration | 5 yrs (0.8 fte); starting September 2020 | 
| my roles | daily supervisor & promotor, together with dr. R.I.J. Dobbe (TU Delft) and prof.dr. M.M. Dastani | 
Student: I.M.E. Mannens
Student: C. Steging
| project | Aligning designed and learning systems for responsible HI | 
| part of | Hybrid Intelligence: Augmenting Human Intellect | 
| thesis | Designing responsible Artificial Intelligence: hybrid approaches for aligning learning and reasoning | 
| funding | NWO Zwaartekracht programme | 
| university | University of Groningen, NL; Department of Artificial Intelligence | 
| duration | 4 yrs; starting March 2020 | 
| graduated | October 1, 2024 | 
| my roles | external supervisor & 'co-promotor', together with prof.dr. H.B. Verheij (RUG) | 
Student: R.J.J. Brouwer
| thesis | The Power of Scheduling: the Scheduling of Power | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| graduated | July 8, 2024 | 
| my role | Defense examiner | 
Student: G.H. Dal
| thesis | Probabilistic inference using partitioned Bayesian networks: introducing a compositional framework> | 
| university | University of Twente, NL. | 
| graduated | February 29, 2024 | 
| my role | Reading committee member and examiner at defense | 
Student: G.M. Wieten
| project | Probabilistic decision-making based on Arguments and Scenarios | 
| thesis | Bridging the Gap Between Informal Sense-Making Tools and Formal Systems: Facilitating the Construction of Bayesian Networks and Argumentation Frameworks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| duration | 4 yrs; started December 2016 | 
| graduated | September 8, 2021 | 
| my roles | co-applicant, daily supervisor & 'co-promotor', together with prof.dr. F.J. Bex and prof.dr.mr. H. Prakken | 
Student: E. de Souza da Silva
| thesis | Factorization models with relational and contextual information | 
| university | Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway: Department of Computer Science | 
| graduated | September 7, 2021 | 
| my role | Reading committee member and examiner at defense | 
Student: M.L.P. Bueno
| thesis | Unraveling Temporal Processes using Probabilistic Graphical Models | 
| university | Leiden University, NL: Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science | 
| graduated | February 11, 2020 | 
| my role | Reading committee member and examiner at defense | 
Student: M. Bendtsen
| thesis | Gated Bayesian Networks | 
| university | Linköping University, Sweden: Department of Computer and Information Science | 
| graduated | September 6, 2017 | 
| my role | Reading committee member and examiner at defense | 
Student: S.T. Timmer
| project | Designing and Understanding Forensic Bayesian Networks with Arguments and Scenarios | 
| thesis | Designing and Understanding Forensic Bayesian Networks using Argumentation | 
| funding | NWO Forensic Science programme | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| duration | 4 yrs; started: July 2012 | 
| graduated | February 1, 2017 | 
| my roles | co-applicant, daily supervisor & 'co-promotor', together with dr. H.B. Verheij (RUG), prof.dr.mr. H. Prakken and prof.dr. J.J-Ch. Meyer | 
Student: R.M. Fernández Ropero
| thesis | Hybrid Bayesian Networks: A Statistical Tool in Ecology and Environmental Sciences | 
| university | University of Almeria, Spain: Department of Biology and Geology | 
| graduated | December 15, 2016 | 
| my role | foreign reviewer (to achieve International Mention) | 
Student: C.S. Vlek
| project | Designing and Understanding Forensic Bayesian Networks with Arguments and Scenarios | 
| thesis | When Stories and Numbers Meet in Court | 
| funding | NWO Forensic Science programme | 
| university | University of Groningen, NL; Department of Artificial Intelligence | 
| duration | 4 yrs; started: June 2012 | 
| graduated | October 28, 2016 | 
| my roles | co-applicant, external supervisor & 'co-promotor', together with dr. H.B. Verheij (RUG), prof.dr. L.C. Verbrugge (RUG) and prof.dr.mr. H. Prakken | 
Student: G.A.M. Lappenschaar
| thesis | New network models for the analysis of disease interaction, with applications in multimorbidity | 
| university | Radboud University Nijmegen, NL; Institute for computing and Information Sciences | 
| graduated | June 2, 2014 | 
| my role | defense examiner | 
Student: T. Boneh
| thesis | Ontology and Bayesian Decision Networks for Supporting the Meteorological Forecasting Process | 
| university | Monash University Melbourne, Australia; Clayton School of Information Technology | 
| graduated | 2010 | 
| my role | external examiner | 
Student: J. Kwisthout
| thesis | The Computational Complexity of Probabilistic Networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| graduated | October 29, 2009 | 
| my roles | reading committee member & defense examiner | 
Student: J.H. Bolt
| thesis | Bayesian Networks: Aspects of Approximate Inference | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| graduated | April 21, 2008 | 
| my roles | defense examiner | 
Student: S. Visscher
| thesis | Bayesian network models for the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia | 
| university | University Medical Center Utrecht, NL; Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases | 
| graduated | September 30, 2008 | 
| my roles | defense examiner | 
Student: D. Sent
| thesis | Test-selection Strategies for Probabilistic Networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| graduated | October 17, 2005 | 
| my roles | defense examiner | 
Student: S. Renooij
| thesis | Qualitative approaches to quantifying probabilistic networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| duration | 4 yrs; started January 1997 | 
| graduated | March 12, 2001 | 
| my role | the phd student | 
Research projects (MSc level)
Student: M. Roelfsema
Student: L. Spasova
Student: A. Pruijn
Student: S. van der Sman
Student: S. Jans
| thesis | Greedy causal structure learning of maximal arid graphs | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 44 ects | 
| graduated | February 2024 | 
| my role | second examiner | 
Student: S.J. Zuurmond
| thesis | Human-centred explanation of rule-based decision-making systems in the legal domain | 
| external | de Belastingdienst | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 44 ects | 
| graduated | July 2023 | 
| my role | second examiner | 
Student: T. Wojcik
| thesis | What explains the difference between naive Bayesian classifiers and tree-augmented Bayesian network classifiers? | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | May 2023 | 
| my role | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: T. van ter Beek
| thesis | Abductive and Contrastive Explanations for Bayesian Networks and their Computational Complexity | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Double programme: Artificial Intelligence and Computing Science | 
| credits | 60 ects | 
| graduated | April 2023 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: E. van den Hoogen
| thesis | Analyzing the Performance of the Linkage Tree Gene-pool Optimal Mixing Evolutionary Algorithm on Tree Decomposition Mk Landscapes using Local Optima Networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | February 2023 | 
| my role | second examiner | 
Student: H. Kaemingk
| thesis | Sensitivity Analysis in Bayesian networks of the noisy-OR model and its generalisations | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 44 ects | 
| graduated | October 2021 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: T. van Driessel
| thesis | Performance and effectiveness of Linkage Tree Gene-pool Optimal Mixing Evolutionary Algorithm on Tree Decomposition Mk Landscapes | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Game and Media Technology | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | July 2021 | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: S. Qian
| thesis | An Improved Algorithm Based on BBES for Learning Bayesian Network Structure from Data | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | November 2020 | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: T.A.M.P. de Leeuw
| thesis | Formatting guidelines for the manual construction of BN graphs in data-poor domains | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 44 ects | 
| graduated | September 2020 | 
| my roles | co-supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: T. Koopman
| thesis | Computing contrastive, counterfactual explanations for Bayesian networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 44 ects | 
| graduated | August 2020 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: T. Janmaat
| thesis | Forest Inventory Modelling using Ontologies and Bayesian Networks | 
| external | Land Life Company | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Business Informatics | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | August 2020 | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: L. Folkersma
| thesis | The Impact of Problem Features on NSGA-II and MOEA/D Performance | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 44 ects | 
| graduated | July 2020 | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: M. van Tooren
| thesis | Large scope device recognition by power usage for crownstones: An investigation of existing methods and their limits | 
| external | Almende | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Game and Media Technology | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: D. Knoope
| thesis | Learning Classification-DBNs from data | 
| external | de Volksbank | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | August 2019 | 
| my roles | second supervisor & examiner | 
Student: S. Both
| thesis | Deep learning model for clustering heterogeneous data: Case study of recognizing booking behavior for a major airline | 
| external | KLM | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | July 2019 | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: J. van Dulst
| thesis | Discretisation in the context of (non)-monotonicity. | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | February 2019 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: R.H. Wuijts
| thesis | Investigation of the Traveling Thief Problem | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | June 2018 | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: M. de Wachter
| thesis | On the errors introduced by the naive Bayes independence assumption | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | June 2018 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: P. Geels
| thesis | Reuse of Bayesian Networks: A Case-study in Classical and African Swine Fever | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | April 2018 | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: T. Koppenberg
| thesis | Sensitivity analysis in hybrid Bayesian networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | November 2017 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: R. van Rooij
| thesis | Gaining insight in the solution space of the MPE problem when changing evidence or parameter values | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | November 2015 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: J. van Leersum
| thesis | Explaining the reasoning of Bayesian networks with intermediate nodes and clusters | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Technical Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | June 2015 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: M. van de Burgwal
| thesis | Treecost-based preprocessing algorithm for probabilistic networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Technical Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | March 2015 | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: V. Doshi
| thesis | Validation of Bayesian networks with a case study on fingerprint general patterns | 
| external | Netherlands Forensic Institute | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | October 2013 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: M. Meekes
| thesis | Sensitivity to evidence in probabilistic networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 40 ects | 
| graduated | October 2013 | 
| my roles | co-supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: A. Melchior
| thesis | Data enrichment of spatial databases using ontologies and Bayesian networks | 
| external | Geographical Information Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | (Applied) Computing Science | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | August 2013 | 
| my roles | co-supervisor & second examiner | 
Student: R. Bertens
| thesis | Discretization of continuous-valued feature variables in naive Bayesian networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | (Applied) Computing Science | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | July 2011 | 
| my roles | co-supervisor & examiner | 
Student: M.T. Rietbergen
| thesis | Restoring monotonicity in Bayesian networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Applied Computing Science | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | 2010 | 
| my role | second examiner | 
Student: G. Ouwehand
| thesis | Supporting computer-aided decision making by improving alignment between human experts and probability elicitation instruments | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Content and Knowledge Engineering | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | 2010 | 
| my roles | co-supervisor & examiner | 
Student: M. Hermsen
| thesis | Patronen voor de uitbreiding van een Bayesiaans netwerk voor de diagnose van klassieke varkenspest naar stapelniveau | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computer Science (5 year 'doctorandus' programme) | 
| credits | 30 ects | 
| graduated | 2007 | 
| my roles | co-supervisor & examiner | 
Student: T. Jellema
| thesis | Parameter tuning | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Agents and Computational Intelligence | 
| credits | 45 ects | 
| graduated | August 2006 | 
| my roles | co-supervisor & examiner | 
Student: M.P.J.J. Bouw
| thesis | DE KANSEN GEKEERD Een onderzoek naar de complexiteit van Bayesiaanse Belief Netwerken | 
| external | TNO Defense and Security | 
| university | University of Twente, NL; Faculty of Engineering Technology | 
| programme | Civil Engineering | 
| graduated | 2006 | 
| my roles | external advisor & examiner | 
Student: F.A. van Kouwen
| thesis | Kwalitatieve modellen voor interactieve milieubeleidsadvisering | 
| external | RIVM | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computer Science (5 year 'doctorandus' programme) | 
| credits | 30 ects | 
| graduated | 2003 | 
| my roles | co-supervisor & examiner | 
Student: T. Boneh
| thesis | Support for Graphical Modelling in Bayesian Network Knowledge Engineering: A Visual Tool for Domain Experts | 
| university | The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering | 
| programme | Computer Science | 
| graduated | 2003 | 
| my roles | external examiner | 
Student: J.H. Bolt
| thesis | Kwalitatieve probabilistische netwerken: verhoging van de informativiteit bij non-monotonie | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Faculty of Humanities | 
| programme | Cognitive Artificial Intelligence | 
| graduated | 2002 | 
| my roles | external supervisor & examiner | 
Student: P. Pardieck
| thesis | Kappa networks: combining kappa calculus with a graphical representation | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Faculty of Humanities | 
| programme | Cognitive Artificial Intelligence | 
| graduated | 2001 | 
| my roles | external supervisor & examiner | 
Student: M. Tas
| thesis | Vergelijking van κ-waarde-georiënteerde theorieën met het formalisme van de probabilistische netwerken | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Faculty of Humanities | 
| programme | Cognitive Artificial Intelligence | 
| graduated | 1998 | 
| my roles | external examiner | 
Student: S. Renooij
| thesis | Qualitative probabilistic networks: the binary case | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Computer Science | 
| programme | Computer Science (4 year 'doctorandus' programme) | 
| credits | 21 sp (1 year = 42 sp) | 
| graduated | August 1996 | 
| my roles | the MSc student | 
Experimentation projects (MSc level)
Student: D. Knoope
| project | Exploring when continuous models outperform discretized variants in a naive Bayes classifier | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 7.5 ects | 
| period | Spring 2018 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & examiner | 
Student: R. van der Neut
| project | Using discretization in Bayesian networks | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Computing Science | 
| credits | 7.5 ects | 
| period | Fall 2013 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & examiner | 
Student: S. Lopatatzidis
| project | Parameter tuning: refinements and experiments | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Agent Technology | 
| credits | 7.5 ects | 
| period | 2011-2012 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & examiner | 
Research projects (BSc level)
Student: S. Kaufmann
Student: S. van Hus
| thesis | Artificial Neural Networks for playing Spades | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Faculty of Humanities | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 7.5 ects | 
| graduated | 2020 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: B. van de Sand
| thesis | Model for human killer sudoku solving | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Faculty of Humanities | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 7.5 ects | 
| graduated | 2018 | 
| my roles | second examiner | 
Student: T. Koopman
| thesis | Van mind map naar Hypothesis Management Framework | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Faculty of Humanities | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 7.5 ects | 
| graduated | July 2018 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: I. Majoor
| thesis | Naive Bayes classifier: normally distributed continuous attributes versus the discretized version of those attributes | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Faculty of Humanities | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 7.5 ects | 
| graduated | July 2017 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: M. van Rijthoven
| thesis | Toepasbaarheid van Bayesiaanse netwerken voor cellulaire signaal transductie | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Faculty of Humanities | 
| programme | Artificial Intelligence | 
| credits | 7.5 ects | 
| graduated | July 2016 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 
Student: A. Super
| thesis | Usability testing and design of a corporate website | 
| ex/internal | ITPreneurs | 
| university | Utrecht University, NL; Department of Information and Computing Sciences | 
| programme | Information Science | 
| credits | 15 ects | 
| graduated | April 2013 | 
| my roles | primary supervisor & first examiner | 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
    
 
  
 
  
 
     
 
  
 
 
 
